Table 2.
Biomarkers reported as outcomes in 54 studies of adult sedentary behaviour interventions ≥7 days
| Outcomes | Studies | Detail | Quality factors |
| Body anthropometry | 52 | ||
| Body weight* | 45 | 45 wt*, 39 body mass index BMI* | Objective† / self-report: 44/1 |
| Waist circumference* | 37 | 37 circumference*, 2 waist:hip ratio | Objective† / self-report: 36/1 |
| Other body measurements | 9 | 7 hip circumference, 1 neck circumference, 2 sagittal abdominal diameter | |
| Body composition | 25 | BIA: 12 DXA: 5 BIS: 2 BADP: 3 Skinfold(s): 2 Unreported: 1 |
|
| Total fat | 25 | 20 percentage of body weight*, 11 mass* | |
| Total fat-free or lean | 13 | 12 percentage of body weight, 1 mass*, | |
| Other | 5 | fat mass or % (4 truncal, 1 arm, 1 leg, 1 android %, 1 gynoid %); fat-free mass or % (1 arm, 1 leg); 1 skeletal muscle mass; 1 visceral fat area | |
| Blood pressure (BP) regulation | 37 | ||
| Resting BP * | 37 | 37 systolic*, 36 diastolic*, two mean arterial BP | Objective† / self-report: 36/1 |
| Ambulatory BP | 0 | – | – |
| Heart rate | 5 | 3 resting, 2 non-resting | Objective† / self-report: 5/0 |
| Detailed vascular health measures | 3 | 1 flow mediated dilation, 1 carotid intima media thickness, 1 aortic augmentation index, 1 subendocardial variability, 1 pulse wave velocity | Objective† / self-report: 3/0 |
| Glucose metabolism | 31 | ||
| Fasting glucose* | 27 | Venous / capillary: 20/7 | |
| Fasting insulin* | 13 | ||
| HOMA / HOMA-2 | 7 | 6 HOMA-IR, 2 HOMA-%B, 1 HOMA2-%B, 1 HOMA2-%S | |
| Postprandial glucose / insulin | 4 | 4 postprandial glucose, 1 postprandial insulin, 1 insulin AUC, 1 glucose AUC, 1 C-ISI | Venous / capillary: 4/0 Duration: all 2 hours test |
| C-peptide | 0 | – | |
| HbA1c* | 17 | 15 HbA1c, 2 'estimated average glucose' reported as HbA1c | Venous / capillary: 15/2 |
| Lipid metabolism | 33 | ||
| Cholesterol levels or ratios | 33 | 29 total*, 28 HDL*, 24 LDL*, 1 VLDL, 1 non-LDL, 5 total/HDL, 2 LDL/HDL | Venous / capillary: 25/8 fasted / insufficient / non-fasted state: 25/1/7 |
| Triglycerides* | 32 | ||
| Other | 3 | 1 cholesterol diameter; 1 lipoprotein lipase; 3 apolipoproteins (APO): 3 APO-A1, 3 APO-B, 2 APO-A1/APO-B | |
| Inflammation | 4 | ||
| C reactive protein (CRP) | 4 | 2 CRP; two high-sensitivity CRP | Venous / capillary: 4/0 fasted / insufficient / non-fasted state: 4/0/0 |
| Other: TNF-α, IL-6 | 0 | – |
Data were extracted from the earlier paper related to this study Balducci 2017 when it was not reported in the 2019 paper (body fat percentage; fat-free mass; BMI; fasting insulin; HOMA).
*Outcome included in the meta-analyses: was reported in >5 of the 33 studies eligible for the effectiveness meta-analyses (had control arm, no additional relevant intervention provided apart from active behaviours).
†Measured objectively by research staff.
AUC, area under the curve; BADP, body air displacement plethysmography; BIA, multifrequency bioimpedance analysis; BIS, bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy; BMI, body mass index; C-ISI, composite insulin sensitivity index; DXA, dual X-ray absorptiometry; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-2, revised homeostatic model assessment; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; IL-6, interleukin 6; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein.