Table 5.
Associations of study characteristics with intervention effects on cardiometabolic biomarkers (meta-regression)
| Unadjusted | Age adjusted | |||||||
| k, n | b (95% CI) | P value | I2, p value | k, n | b (95% CI) | P value | I2, p value | |
| Waist circumference, cm | 19, 2076 | 45.8%, p=0.016 | 19, 2076 | 45.8%, p=0.016 | ||||
| Mean baseline age, per 10 y | 18, 2050 | −0.50 (−1.18 to 0.17) | 0.144 | 51.6%, p=0.007 | – | – | – | |
| Mean baseline BMI, kg/m2 | 19, 2076 | −0.04 (−0.25 to 0.16) | 0.672 | 48.6%, p=0.011 | 18, 2050 | −0.01 (−0.24 to 0.22) | 0.910 | 54.5%, p=0.005 |
| Mean baseline level | 19, 2076 | 0.01 (−0.08 to 0.09) | 0.856 | 44.9%, p=0.021 | 18, 2050 | 0.07 (−0.03 to 0.18) | 0.182 | 45.9%, p=0.023 |
| Sedentary effectiveness, h/day* | 19, 2076 | −0.62 (−1.42 to 0.18) | 0.127 | 38.7%, p=0.048 | 18, 2050 | −1.05 (−1.96 to −0.14) | 0.023 | 40.3%, p=0.049 |
| Duration (vs ≤3 months) | 19, 2076 | 0.896 | 51.8%, p=0.007 | 18, 2050 | 0.307 | 57.7%, p=0.003 | ||
| 3–6 months | 0.15 (−1.08 to 1.37) | 0.816 | 0.92 (−0.69 to 2.52) | 0.262 | ||||
| >6 months | −0.36 (−2.28 to 1.57) | 0.717 | −0.25 (−2.28 to 1.78) | 0.809 | ||||
| Risk of bias (vs high risk) | 19, 2076 | 0.098 | 22.6%, p=0.192 | 18, 2050 | 0.109 | 25.4%, p=0.174 | ||
| Some concerns | −0.70 (−2.50 to 1.09) | 0.441 | −0.52 (−2.39 to 1.34) | 0.582 | ||||
| Low risk | −1.47 (−3.10 to 0.16) | 0.077 | −1.36 (−3.03 to 0.31) | 0.110 | ||||
| Fat-free mass, kg | 7, 1011 | 72.7%, p=0.001 | 7, 1011 | 72.7%, p=0.001 | ||||
| Mean baseline age, per 10 years | 7, 1011 | 0.14 (−0.60 to 0.88) | 0.714 | 74.5%, p=0.001 | – | – | – | |
| Mean baseline BMI, kg/m2 | 7, 1011 | 0.07 (−0.18 to 0.32) | 0.575 | 76.8%, p<0.001 | 7, 1011 | 0.07 (−0.24 to 0.38) | 0.660 | 79.6%, p=<0.001 |
| Mean baseline level | 7, 1011 | 0.04 (−0.10 to 0.18) | 0.540 | 75.0%, p=0.001 | 7, 1011 | 0.06 (−0.16 to 0.27) | 0.618 | 79.4%, p=<0.001 |
| Sedentary effectiveness, hour/day* | 7, 1011 | 0.23 (−0.98 to 1.44) | 0.711 | 77.1%, p<0.001 | 7, 1011 | 0.21 (−1.02 to 1.44) | 0.738 | 79.4%, p=<0.001 |
| Duration (>6 vs ≤3 months)† | 7, 1011 | 0.06 (1.23 to 1.36) | 0.922 | 77.1%, p<0.001 | 7, 1011 | −0.14 (−1.86 to 1.58) | 0.875 | 77.6%, p=0.001 |
| Risk of bias (vs high risk) | 7, 1011 | 0.490 | 69.9%, p=0.010 | 7, 1011 | 0.619 | 74.5%, p=0.008 | ||
| Some concerns | 0.72 (−0.53 to 1.98) | 0.258 | 1.23 (−0.73 to 3.20) | 0.219 | ||||
| Low risk | 0.12 (−1.10 to 1.34) | 0.847 | 0.37 (−1.07 to 1.81) | 0.615 | ||||
| Glucose, mM | 19, 1518 | 45.5%, p=0.017 | 19, 1518 | 45.5%, p=0.017 | ||||
| Mean baseline age, per 10 years | 19, 1518 | −0.01 (−0.08 to 0.07) | 0.891 | 47.9%, p=0.012 | – | – | – | |
| Mean baseline BMI, kg/m2 | 19, 1518 | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) | 0.391 | 46.0%, p=0.017 | 19, 1518 | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.04) | 0.330 | 48.8%, p=0.012 |
| Mean baseline level | 18, 1497 | −0.01 (−0.23 to 0.20) | 0.908 | 45.8%, p=0.021 | 18, 1497 | 0.03 (−0.23 to 0.29) | 0.819 | 46.0%, p=0.023 |
| Sedentary effectiveness, h/day* | 18, 1497 | −0.02 (−0.21 to 0.16) | 0.804 | 45.6%, p=0.021 | 18, 1497 | −0.05 (−0.25 to 0.15) | 0.632 | 46.0%, p=0.023 |
| Duration (vs ≤3 months) | 19, 1518 | 0.611 | 51.5%, p=0.007 | 19, 1518 | 0.732 | 54.0%, p=0.005 | ||
| 3–6 months | −0.00 (−0.19 to 0.19) | 0.980 | 0.04 (−0.24 to 0.32) | 0.769 | ||||
| >6 months | −0.12 (−0.37 to 0.13) | 0.345 | −0.14 (−0.43 to 0.15) | 0.355 | ||||
| Risk of bias (vs high risk) | 19, 1518 | 0.424 | 48.3%, p=0.014 | 19, 1518 | 0.543 | 49.7%, p=0.013 | ||
| Some concerns | 0.18 (−0.13 to 0.48) | 0.256 | 0.21 (−0.12 to 0.54) | 0.212 | ||||
| Low risk | 0.12 (−0.09 to 0.33) | 0.267 | 0.17 (−0.09 to 0.42) | 0.202 | ||||
| Insulin, pM | 10, 1102 | 64.0%, p=0.003 | 10, 1102 | 64.0%, p=0.003 | ||||
| Mean baseline age, per 10 years | 10, 1102 | 0.76 (−2.63 to 4.15) | 0.660 | 68.0%, p=0.002 | – | – | – | |
| Mean baseline BMI, kg/m2 | 10, 1102 | 0.20 (−1.09 to 1.48) | 0.764 | 67.8%, p=0.002 | 10, 1102 | 0.02 (−1.60 to 1.65) | 0.980 | 68.8%, p=0.002 |
| Mean baseline level | 10, 1102 | 0.15 (0.03 to 0.27) | 0.018 | 61.1%, p=0.008 | 10, 1102 | 0.21 (0.12 to 0.31) | <0.001 | 0.0%, p=0.641 |
| Sedentary effectiveness, hour/day* | 10, 1102 | 1.65 (−6.15 to 9.45) | 0.678 | 66.5%, p=0.002 | 10, 1102 | 3.51 (−6.34 to 13.35) | 0.485 | 45.4%, p=0.077 |
| Duration (vs ≤3 months) | 10, 1102 | 0.014 | 50.8%, p=0.047 | 10, 1102 | 0.268 | 57.8%, p=0.027 | ||
| 3–6 months | 2.14 (−7.20 to 11.48) | 0.654 | 1.87 (−8.64 to 12.38) | 0.728 | ||||
| >6 months | 7.87 (−0.21 to 15.95) | 0.056 | 6.84 (−2.33 to 16.01) | 0.144 | ||||
| Risk of bias (vs high risk) | 10, 1102 | <0.001 | 11.9%, p=0.338 | 10, 1102 | 0.211 | 22.8%, p=0.255 | ||
| Some concerns | −0.24 (−1.42 to 0.94) | 0.692 | −3.10 (−11.81 to 5.62) | 0.486 | ||||
| Low risk | −4.64 (−6.95 to −2.32) | <0.001 | −5.60 (−11.33 to 0.14) | 0.056 | ||||
| HbA1c, % | 9, 892 | 72.9%, p=0.000 | 9, 892 | 72.9%, p=0.000 | ||||
| Mean baseline age, per 10 years | 9, 892 | −0.10 (−0.18 to −0.02) | 0.011 | 49.5%, p=0.054 | – | – | – | |
| Mean baseline BMI, kg/m2 | 9, 892 | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03) | 0.599 | 76.3%, p<0.001 | 9, 892 | −0.03 (0.05 to –0.01) | 0.004 | 0.0%, p=0.454 |
| Mean baseline level | 9, 892 | −0.15 (−0.34 to 0.04) | 0.127 | 76.3%, p<0.001 | 9, 892 | −0.16 (−0.32 to 0.00) | 0.055 | 49.1%, p=0.067 |
| Sedentary effectiveness, hour/day* | 9, 892 | 0.08 (−0.10 to 0.26) | 0.379 | 69.5%, p=0.002 | 9, 892 | −0.02 (−0.20 to 0.17) | 0.862 | 56.4%, p=0.032 |
| Duration (vs ≤3 months) | 9, 892 | 0.994 | 78.0%, p<0.001 | 9, 892 | 0.002 | 24.7%, p=0.249 | ||
| 3–6 months | −0.02 (−0.35 to 0.32) | 0.919 | 0.04 (−0.14 to 0.23) | 0.641 | ||||
| >6 months | −0.02 (−0.38 to 0.35) | 0.932 | −0.24 (−0.50 to 0.02) | 0.069 | ||||
| Risk of bias (vs high risk) | 9, 892 | 0.090 | 75.4%, p<0.001 | 9, 892 | 0.037 | 59.4%, p=0.031 | ||
| Some concerns | 0.30 (−0.25 to 0.85) | 0.287 | 0.28 (−0.23 to 0.79) | 0.286 | ||||
| Low risk | 0.50 (−0.02 to 1.02) | 0.058 | 0.40 (−0.09 to 0.89) | 0.113 | ||||
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 25, 1932 | 52.6%, p=0.001 | 25, 1932 | 52.6%, p=0.001 | ||||
| Mean baseline age, per 10 years | 25, 1932 | −0.38 (–1.30 to 0.54) | 0.421 | 54.4%, p<0.001 | – | – | – | |
| Mean baseline BMI, kg/m2 | 24, 1903 | −0.01 (−0.32 to 0.30) | 0.946 | 53.2%, p=0.001 | 24, 1903 | 0.03 (–0.31 to 0.36) | 0.885 | 55.2%, p =<0.001 |
| Mean baseline level | 24, 1911 | −0.16 (−0.44 to 0.12) | 0.250 | 52.0%, p=0.002 | 24, 1911 | −0.11 (−0.42 to 0.20) | 0.492 | 52.5%, p=0.002 |
| Sedentary effectiveness, hour/day* | 23, 1882 | −1.07 (−2.83 to 0.69) | 0.232 | 52.9%, p=0.002 | 23, 1882 | −1.69 (−3.40 to 0.02) | 0.053 | 43.2%, p=0.019 |
| Duration (vs ≤3 months) | 25, 1932 | 0.655 | 56.2%, p<0.001 | 25, 1932 | 0.712 | 57.9%, p =<0.001 | ||
| 3–6 months | 0.22 (−2.50 to 2.94) | 0.874 | 0.40 (−2.64 to 3.43) | 0.798 | ||||
| >6 months | −1.20 (−3.97 to 1.57) | 0.397 | −1.14 (−4.19 to 1.92) | 0.465 | ||||
| Risk of bias (vs high risk) | 25, 1932 | 0.699 | 55.1%, p<0.001 | 25, 1932 | 0.629 | 57.1%, p =<0.001 | ||
| Some concerns | 1.20 −2.05 to 4.45) | 0.468 | 1.82 (1.90 to 5.53) | 0.338 | ||||
| Low risk | 1.03 (−1.58 to 3.64) | 0.439 | 1.35 (1.56 to 4.25) | 0.363 | ||||
| Total cholesterol, mM | 23, 1798 | 54.1%, p=0.001 | 23, 1798 | 54.1%, p=0.001 | ||||
| Mean baseline age, per 10 years | 23, 1798 | −0.14 (−0.22 to -0.07) | <0.001 | 17.1%, p=0.233 | – | – | – | |
| Mean baseline BMI, kg/m2 | 23, 1798 | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.04) | 0.664 | 54.6%, p=0.001 | 23, 1798 | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) | 0.398 | 17.4%, p=0.233 |
| Mean baseline level | 23, 1798 | −0.24 (−0.50 to 0.02) | 0.066 | 45.7%, p=0.011 | 23, 1798 | −0.05 (−0.30 to 0.21) | 0.713 | 20.6%, p=0.195 |
| Sedentary effectiveness, hour/day* | 23, 1798 | 0.08 (−0.04 to 0.20) | 0.206 | 40.3%, p=0.027 | 23, 1798 | 0.01 (−0.10 to 0.12) | 0.812 | 19.5%, p=0.208 |
| Duration (vs ≤3 months) | 23, 1798 | 0.573 | 54.6%, p=0.001 | 23, 1798 | 0.003 | 20.4%, p=0.202 | ||
| 3–6 months | 0.07 (−0.17 to 0.31) | 0.577 | 0.06 (−0.12 to 0.24) | 0.493 | ||||
| >6 months | 0.13 (−0.12 to 0.39) | 0.306 | 0.11 (−0.08 to 0.30) | 0.259 | ||||
| Risk of bias (vs high risk) | 23, 1798 | 0.044 | 47.2%, p=0.009 | 23, 1798 | <0.001 | 13.7%, p=0.284 | ||
| Some concerns | −0.34 (−0.65 to –0.04) | 0.028 | −0.21 (−0.48 to 0.06) | 0.134 | ||||
| Low risk | −0.11 (−0.39 to 0.16) | 0.419 | −0.05 (−0.29 to 0.19) | 0.689 | ||||
| Triglycerides, mM | 23, 1742 | 49.0%, p=0.005 | 23, 1742 | 49.0%, p=0.005 | ||||
| Mean baseline age, per 10 y | 23, 1742 | −0.05 (−0.11 to 0.02) | 0.149 | 51.3%, p=0.003 | – | – | – | |
| Mean baseline BMI, kg/m2 | 23, 1742 | 0.00 (−0.02 to 0.02) | 0.962 | 50.3%, p=0.004 | 23, 1742 | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.03) | 0.667 | 52.4%, p=0.003 |
| Mean baseline level | 22, 1721 | −0.20 (−0.63 to 0.22) | 0.350 | 45.1%, p=0.014 | 22, 1721 | −0.13 (−0.53 to 0.26) | 0.508 | 31.7%, p=0.087 |
| Sedentary effectiveness, h/day* | 22, 1721 | −0.06 (−0.17 to 0.05) | 0.279 | 45.9%, p=0.012 | 22, 1721 | −0.13 (−0.21 to –0.05) | 0.001 | 0.0%, p=0.507 |
| Duration (vs ≤3 months) | 23, 1742 | 0.645 | 53.4%, p=0.002 | 23, 1742 | 0.447 | 55.7%, p=0.001 | ||
| 3–6 months | −0.07 (−0.24 to 0.10) | 0.402 | −0.05 (−0.24 to 0.14) | 0.639 | ||||
| >6 months | −0.06 (−0.25 to 0.13) | 0.516 | −0.07 (−0.28 to 0.13) | 0.481 | ||||
| Risk of bias (vs high risk) | 23, 1742 | 0.396 | 53.6%, p=0.002 | 23, 1742 | 0.485 | 55.7%, p=0.001 | ||
| Some concerns | −0.13 (−0.33 to 0.07) | 0.218 | −0.07 (−0.34 to 0.19) | 0.587 | ||||
| Low risk | −0.10 (−0.28 to 0.07) | 0.245 | −0.06 (−0.28 to 0.16) | 0.573 | ||||
Table presents unstandardised regression coefficient (b) and 95% CI and p value from meta-regression of controlled trials of adult sedentary behaviour interventions ≥7 days. Italics indicates overall p value (omnibus test).
k=total number of interventions included and n=total number of individuals analysed in the included interventions, in the meta-regressions or main meta-analysis (boldface).
Residual heterogeneity (I2 and p from Cochrane’s Q test) with overall heterogeneity in the main meta-analysis shown in boldface.
*Estimated effectiveness of intervention on overall sedentary time (net of control).
†No studies in the 3–6 months duration category.
BMI, body mass index.