A scheme for GAGs chain analysis. Abbreviations: GAGs, glycosaminoglycans; AEC, anion-exchange chromatography; SEC, size-exclusion chromatography; GPC, gel permeation chromatography; LC, liquid chromatography (other than AEC and SEC, including reverse phase liquid chromatography, reverse phase ion-pairing liquid chromatography, and hydrophilic interaction chromatography); PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; CE, capillary electrophoresis; MS, mass spectroscopy; IMS, ion mobility spectrometry; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; COSY, correlation spectroscopy; TOCSY, total correlation spectroscopy; NOESY, nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy; HSQC, heteronuclear single-quantum coherence; HMBC, heteronuclear multiple bond coherence.