Table 3.
Bivariate analyses between undernutrition and food security variables
| Background variable | Type of intervention and conditions† | Stunting (N=1498) | Underweight (N=1498) | Wasting (N=1498) | ||||||||||||||
| Nutrition specific | Nutrition sensitive | Enabling environment | (+) Stunted | (−) Not stunted | P value‡ | (+) Under weight | (−) Not underweight | P value‡ | (+) Wasted | (-) Not wasted | P value‡ | |||||||
| N | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |||||||
| Categorical variables | ||||||||||||||||||
| Food availability and consumption | ||||||||||||||||||
| v29: cereal | – | X | – | 685 | 99 | 779 | 99.1 | 0.794 | 298 | 99.3 | 1186 | 99 | 0.749 | 107 | 100 | 1377 | 99 | 0.617 |
| v30: white roots and tubers | – | X | – | 362 | 52.3 | 392 | 48.6 | 0.162 | 152 | 50.7 | 602 | 50.3 | 0.949 | 51 | 47.7 | 703 | 50.5 | 0.616 |
| v31: vegetables (vitamin A rich, leafy, and others) | – | X | – | 570 | 82.4 | 670 | 83.1 | 0.732 | 251 | 83.7 | 989 | 82.6 | 0.732 | 94 | 87.9 | 1146 | 82.4 | 0.183 |
| v32: fruits (vitamin A rich and others) | – | X | – | 84 | 12.1 | 71 | 8.8 | 0.041* | 35 | 11.7 | 120 | 10 | 0.398 | 8 | 7.5 | 147 | 10.6 | 0.409 |
| v33: meats (organ and flesh) | – | X | – | 82 | 11.8 | 111 | 13.8 | 0.28 | 32 | 10.7 | 161 | 13.4 | 0.212 | 16 | 15.9 | 177 | 12.7 | 0.548 |
| v34: eggs | – | X | – | 75 | 10.8 | 82 | 10.2 | 0.674 | 28 | 9.3 | 129 | 10.8 | 0.528 | 4 | 3.7 | 153 | 11 | 0.014* |
| v35: fish and seafood | – | X | – | 265 | 38.3 | 285 | 35.4 | 0.259 | 121 | 40.3 | 429 | 35.8 | 0.16 | 34 | 31.8 | 516 | 37.1 | 0.299 |
| v36: legumes, nuts and seeds | – | X | – | 389 | 56.2 | 409 | 50.7 | 0.038* | 172 | 57.3 | 626 | 52.3 | 0.121 | 46 | 43 | 752 | 54.1 | 0.034* |
| v37: milk and milk products | – | X | – | 24 | 3.5 | 30 | 3.7 | 0.89 | 11 | 3.7 | 43 | 3.6 | 1 | 4 | 3.7 | 50 | 3.6 | 0.791 |
| v38: oils and fats | – | X | – | 270 | 39 | 324 | 40.2 | 0.672 | 116 | 38.7 | 478 | 39.9 | 0.742 | 39 | 36.4 | 555 | 39.9 | 0.539 |
| v39: sweets | – | X | – | 135 | 19.5 | 160 | 19.9 | 0.896 | 56 | 18.7 | 239 | 19.9 | 0.685 | 13 | 12.1 | 282 | 20.3 | 0.043* |
| v40: spices, condiments and beverages | – | X | – | 146 | 21.1 | 161 | 20 | 0.608 | 59 | 19.7 | 248 | 20.7 | 0.749 | 18 | 16.8 | 289 | 20.8 | 0.385 |
| Self-production of crops | ||||||||||||||||||
| v41: maize | – | X | – | 636 | 98.5 | 726 | 98.5 | 1 | 278 | 98.9 | 1084 | 98.4 | 0.784 | 94 | 96.9 | 1268 | 98.6 | 0.178 |
| v42: rice | – | X | – | 166 | 25.7 | 207 | 28.1 | 0.332 | 74 | 26.3 | 299 | 27.1 | 0.822 | 30 | 27 | 343 | 26.7 | 0.406 |
| v43: sorghum | – | X | – | 135 | 20.9 | 146 | 19.8 | 0.639 | 68 | 24.2 | 213 | 19.3 | 0.081 | 25 | 25.8 | 256 | 19.9 | 0.19 |
| v44: cassava | – | X | – | 271 | 42 | 287 | 38.9 | 0.272 | 119 | 42.3 | 439 | 39.8 | 0.454 | 33 | 34 | 525 | 40.8 | 0.199 |
| v45: wheat | – | X | – | 1 | 0.2 | 3 | 0.4 | 0.628 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.4 | 0.588 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.3 | 1 |
| v46: yams | – | X | – | 143 | 22.1 | 151 | 20.5 | 0.469 | 53 | 18.9 | 241 | 21.9 | 0.289 | 15 | 15.5 | 279 | 21.7 | 0.159 |
| v47: pumpkin | – | X | – | 266 | 41.2 | 282 | 38.3 | 0.271 | 120 | 42.7 | 428 | 38.8 | 0.246 | 35 | 36.1 | 513 | 39.9 | 0.519 |
| v48: spinach and other green leafy vegetables | – | X | – | 61 | 9.4 | 63 | 8.5 | 0.573 | 30 | 10.7 | 94 | 8.5 | 0.292 | 11 | 11.3 | 113 | 8.8 | 0.36 |
| v49: vitamin A rich fruits (mango, apricot, papaya and peach) | – | X | – | 45 | 7 | 51 | 6.9 | 1 | 19 | 6.8 | 77 | 7 | 1 | 11 | 11.3 | 85 | 6.6 | 0.094 |
| v50: banana | – | X | – | 14 | 2.2 | 20 | 1.7 | 0.603 | 5 | 1.8 | 29 | 2.6 | 0.52 | 2 | 2.1 | 32 | 2.5 | 1 |
| v51: other fruits (orange, water melon and melon) | – | X | – | 12 | 1.9 | 16 | 2.2 | 0.707 | 7 | 2.5 | 21 | 1.9 | 0.484 | 3 | 3.1 | 25 | 1.9 | 0.441 |
| v52: pea and beans | – | X | – | 354 | 54.8 | 382 | 51.8 | 0.28 | 160 | 56.9 | 576 | 52.3 | 0.18 | 55 | 56.7 | 881 | 53 | 0.527 |
| v53: nuts and other legumes | X | 169 | 26.2 | 183 | 24.8 | 0.578 | 71 | 25.3 | 281 | 25.5 | 1 | 26 | 26.8 | 326 | 25.3 | 0.719 | ||
| Ownership of agricultural assets | ||||||||||||||||||
| v54: farmland | – | X | – | 641 | 92.6 | 727 | 90.2 | 0.098 | 280 | 93.3 | 1088 | 90.8 | 0.206 | 96 | 89.7 | 1272 | 91.4 | 0.48 |
| v55: home garden | – | X | – | 8 | 1.2 | 9 | 1.1 | 1 | 5 | 1.7 | 12 | 1 | 0.358 | 3 | 1.7 | 14 | 1 | 0.116 |
| v56: milk cow, cattle and bull | – | X | – | 4 | 0.6 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.188 | 2 | 0.7 | 3 | 0.3 | 0.263 | 1 | 0.9 | 4 | 0.3 | 0.31 |
| v57: horse, donkey and mule | – | X | – | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.1 | 1 |
| v58: goat | – | X | – | 20 | 2.9 | 26 | 3.2 | 0.765 | 13 | 4.3 | 33 | 2.8 | 0.188 | 3 | 2.8 | 43 | 3.1 | 1 |
| v59: chicken and other poultry | – | X | – | 226 | 32.7 | 247 | 30.6 | 0.404 | 107 | 35.7 | 366 | 30.6 | 0.096 | 36 | 33.6 | 437 | 31.4 | 0.666 |
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | P value§ | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | P value§ | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | P value§ | ||||
| Interval and ratio variables | ||||||||||||||||||
| v60: number of months without maize during last 12 months (mo) | X | – | – | 0.6 | 1.73 | 0.7 | 1.93 | 0.147 | 0.6 | 1.77 | 0.6 | 1.86 | 0.483 | 0.8 | 1.92 | 0.6 | 1.84 | 0.361 |
| v61: number of months without cassava during last 12 months (mo) | X | – | – | 2.9 | 4.19 | 2.7 | 4.18 | 0.268 | 3.2 | 4.4 | 2.7 | 4.1 | 0.093 | 3.4 | 4.51 | 2.7 | 4.15 | 0.262 |
| v62: number of months without rice during last 12 months (mo) | X | – | – | 2.9 | 4.42 | 3 | 4.39 | 0.464 | 3 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 4.4 | 0.958 | 3.4 | 4.63 | 2.9 | 4.38 | 0.241 |
| v63: household dietary diversity score (pt) c | X | – | – | 4.5 | 2.01 | 4.3 | 2.1 | 0.069 | 4.4 | 1.97 | 4.4 | 2.08 | 0.312 | 4.1 | 1.97 | 4.4 | 2.06 | 0.06 |
| v64: total number of meals yesterday (meal) | X | – | – | 2.7 | 0.53 | 2.7 | 0.5 | 0.873 | 2.7 | 0.48 | 2.7 | 0.52 | 0.353 | 2.7 | 0.5 | 2.7 | 0.51 | 0.806 |
| v65: farmland size (ha) | X | – | – | 288 | 1010 | 352 | 1067 | 0.463 | 379 | 1352 | 308 | 949 | 0.939 | 522 | 1722 | 307 | 969 | 0.145 |
| v66: home-garden size(m2) | X | – | – | 205 | 363 | 130 | 162 | 0.306 | 121 | 212 | 184 | 295 | 0.364 | 200 | 259 | 158 | 279 | 0.407 |
*p<0.05, **p<0.01.
†Categorisation based on the previous review (Black et al. 2013).15
‡χ2 test (Fisher’s exact test)
§Mann-Whitney U test.