Table 5.

Bivariate analyses between undernutrition and household environment variables

Background variable	Type of intervention and conditions†			Stunting (N=1498)					Underweight(N=1498)					Wasting (N=1498)
	Nutrition specific	Nutrition sensitive	Enabling environment	(+) Stunted		(−) Not stunted		P value ‡	(+) Under-weight		(−) Not underweight		P value ‡	(+) Wasted		(−) Not wasted		P value‡
				N	(%)	n	(%)		n	(%)	n	(%)		n	(%)	n	(%)
Categorical variables
Type of water source for drinking and cooking
Not improved type of source of water§	–	–	–	264	38.2	307	38.1	Ref.	108	36	463	38.6	Ref.	38	35.5	533	38.3	Ref.
v95: improved type of source of water¶	–	X	–	428	61.8	499	61.9	1	192	64	735	61.4	0.425	69	64.5	858	61.7	0.606
Total				692	100	806	100		300	100	1198	100		107	100	1391	100
Availability of water at water source
On and off††	–	–	–	119	17.2	166	20.6	Ref.	51	17	234	19.5	Ref.	14	13.1	271	19.5	Ref.
v96: 24 hours a day ‡‡	–	X	–	573	82.8	640	79.4	0.099	249	83	964	80.5	0.366	93	86.9	1120	80.5	0.124
Total				692	100	806	100		300	100	1198	100		107	100	1391	100
Type of sanitation facility and excreta disposal
Not improved type of sanitation facility §§	–	–		638	92.2	752	93.3	Ref.	269	89.7	1121	93.6	Ref.	100	93.5	1290	92.7	Ref.
v97: improved type of sanitation facility ¶¶	–	X	–	54	7.8	54	6.7	0.424	31	10.3	77	6.4	0.024*	7	6.5	101	7.3	1
Total				692	100	806	100		300	100	1198	100		107	100	1391	100
Domestic water treatment
Inappropriate or no water treatment	–	–	–	528	76.3	589	73.1	Ref.	226	75.3	891	74.4	Ref.	78	72.9	1039	74.7	Ref.
v98: appropriate water treatment	–	X	–	164	23.7	217	26.9	0.171	74	24.7	307	25.6	0.767	29	27.1	352	25.3	0.73
Total				692	100	806	100		300	100	1198	100		107	100	1391	100
Hand washing practices
v99: wash hand with soap or ash after toilet	–	X	–	269	38.9	327	40.6	0.525	117	39	479	40	0.792	42	39.3	554	39.8	1
v100: wash hand with soap or ash before cooking	–	X	–	263	38	315	39.1	0.709	114	38	464	38.7	0.842	41	38.3	537	38.6	1
v101: wash hand with soap or ash before eating	–	X	–	249	36	304	37.7	0.519	115	38.3	438	36.6	0.593	40	37.4	513	36.9	0.918
				Mean	SD	Mean	SD	P value ***	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	P value***	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	P value***
Interval and ratio variables
v102: total time for water collection (min) †††	–	X	–	57.6	58.7	54.4	60.2	0.096	55	58.5	56	59.8	0.638	67.9	73.8	55	58.3	0.277

*p<0.05, **p<0.01.

†Categorisation based on the previous review (Black et al. 2013).¹⁵

‡χ² test (Fisher’s exact test)

§Types of not improved source of water include: (i) unprotected well; (ii) unprotected spring; (iii) surface water (eg, river, lake and reservoir); (iv) vendor-provided water (eg, truck and cart); and (v) bottled water.

¶Types of improved source of water include: (i) piped private household connection indoor/in yard; (ii) public standpipe; (iii) protected well (protected hand-dug well); (iv) protected spring; and (v) rain water collection.

**p<0.01.

††For instance, water is available only when public water attendant is on duty.

‡‡Includes 37 cases of ‘Do not know/do not remember’.

§§Types of not improved sanitation facilities include: (i) flush toilet not connected to sewerage system; (ii) latrine without slab; (iii) joint installation with other households; and (vi) outdoor defecation.

¶¶Types of improved sanitation facilities include: (i) flush toilet connected to sewerage system/septic tank; (ii) ventilated latrine/pit; (iii) toilet connected to pit/latrines with slab; and (iv) other non-sewered sanitation systems.

***Mann-Whitney U test.

†††The number of minutes spent reaching a water source and waiting there was measured by making enumerators physically walk.