Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and prevalence of CVDs by covariates (weighted)
| Characteristics | N (%) | CVD (%) | No CVD (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | P value |
| Overall | 4482(100) | 497 (12.9) | 3985 (87.1) | ||
| Age (years) | |||||
| 20–40 | 1697 (37.1) | 15 (0.8) | 1682 (99.2) | 1(ref) | |
| 40–60 | 1377 (39.7) | 102 (6.4) | 1275 (93.6) | 8.16 (4.55 to 14.64) | <0.0001 |
| 60–80 | 1081 (19.0) | 251 (22.0) | 830 (78.0) | 33.59 (20.72 to 54.44) | <0.0001 |
| 80+ | 327 (4.2) | 129 (40.6) | 198 (59.4) | 81.33 (44.61 to 148.25) | <0.0001 |
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 2330 (52.0) | 214 (8.2) | 2116 (91.8) | 1 (ref) | |
| Male | 2152 (48.0) | 283 (9.3) | 1869 (90.7) | 1.16 (0.89 to 1.51) | 0.3 |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Mexican American | 911 (8.0) | 53 (4.4) | 858 (95.6) | 0.43 (0.32 to 0.58) | <0.0001 |
| Other Hispanic | 136 (3.3) | 6 (3.6) | 130 (96.4) | 0.35 (0.13 to 0.90) | 0.03 |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 2263 (72.5) | 306 (9.6) | 1957 (90.4) | 1 (ref) | |
| Black (non-Hispanic) | 999 (11.1) | 120 (9.2) | 879 (90.9) | 0.95 (0.70 to 1.29) | 0.7 |
| Other | 173 (5.1) | 12 (5.6) | 161 (94.4) | 0.56 (0.29 to 1.09) | 0.09 |
| Education | |||||
| Less than 9th grade | 553 (6.4) | 85 (14.8) | 468 (85.2) | 1 (ref) | |
| 9–11th grade | 691 (11.2) | 89 (12.3) | 602 (87.7) | 0.81 (0.58 to 1.13) | 0.2 |
| High school graduate | 1056 (24.8) | 120 (9.2) | 936 (90.8) | 0.58 (0.38 to 0.89) | 0.01 |
| Some college or associate's degree | 1283 (31.4) | 136 (8.6) | 1147 (91.4) | 0.54 (0.37 to 0.80) | 0.002 |
| College graduate and above | 894 (26.2) | 67 (5.5) | 827 (94.5) | 0.34 (0.22 to 0.53) | <0.0001 |
| N/A | 5 | ||||
| Family PIR | |||||
| 0–1.85 | 1668 (27.1) | 220 (12.1) | 1448 (87.9) | 1 (ref) | |
| 1.86–3.50 | 1158 (28.2) | 137 (9.8) | 1021 (90.2) | 0.79 (0.56 to 1.13) | 0.2 |
| >3.50 | 1455 (44.7) | 104 (5.3) | 1351 (94.7) | 0.41 (0.31 to 0.53) | <0.0001 |
| N/A | 201 | ||||
| Smoking | |||||
| Never smoker | 2358 (51.1) | 192 (6.4) | 2166 (93.6) | 1 (ref) | |
| Past smoker | 1138 (25.0) | 210 (14.1) | 928 (85.9) | 2.39 (1.85 to 3.09) | <0.0001 |
| Current smoker | 984 (23.9) | 95 (8.1) | 889 (91.9) | 1.27 (0.99 to 1.63) | 0.06 |
| N/A | 2 | ||||
| Alcohol use | |||||
| Never drinker | 584 (11.1) | 64 (9.7) | 520 (90.3) | 1 (ref) | |
| Past drinker | 891 (17.4) | 183 (17.3) | 708 (82.7) | 1.94 (1.29 to 2.91) | 0.001 |
| Current drinker light | 912 (24.2) | 105 (8.6) | 807 (91.4) | 0.87 (0.60 to 1.27) | 0.5 |
| Current drinker heavy | 1775 (47.3) | 112 (5.2) | 1663 (94.8) | 0.51 (0.36 to 0.72) | 0.0001 |
| N/A | 320 | ||||
| BMI | |||||
| Underweight | 72 (1.7) | 7 (8.1) | 65 (91.9) | 1.71 (0.61 to 4.80) | 0.3 |
| Normal | 1260 (31.0) | 94 (4.9) | 1166 (95.1) | 1 (ref) | |
| Overweight | 1516 (33.9) | 169 (9.4) | 1347 (90.6) | 2.01 (1.61 to 2.51) | <0.0001 |
| Obesity | 1561 (34.4) | 198 (10.9) | 1363 (89.1) | 2.37 (1.88 to 3.00) | <0.0001 |
| N/A | 73 | ||||
| Activity per week (hours) | |||||
| Sedentary | 820 (13.6) | 165 (18.0) | 665 (82.0) | 3.48 (2.60 to 4.65) | <0.0001 |
| Low | 1256 (26.5) | 133 (8.2) | 1123 (91.8) | 1.42 (1.13 to 1.78) | 0.003 |
| Moderate | 1227 (30.1) | 113 (7.7) | 1114 (92.3) | 1.32 (0.83 to 2.11) | 0.2 |
| High | 1179 (29.8) | 86 (6.0) | 1093 (94.0) | 1(ref) | |
| Supplement use | |||||
| Yes | 2266 (54.3) | 261 (9.1) | 2005 (90.9) | 1.11 (0.95 to 1.30) | 0.2 |
| No | 2213 (45.7) | 235 (8.3) | 1978 (91.7) | 1(ref) | |
| N/A | 3 | ||||
| Sleep | |||||
| Less than 7 hours | 1684 (35.6) | 221 (10.6) | 1463 (89.4) | 1.76 (1.39 to 2.24) | <0.0001 |
| 7–8 hours | 2424 (57.2) | 216 (7.0) | 2208 (93.0) | 1 (ref) | |
| 8+ hours | 364 (7.2) | 55 (12.0) | 309 (88.0) | 2.44 (1.97 to 3.02) | <0.0001 |
| N/A | 10 | ||||
| Depression | |||||
| No | 3276 (80.1) | 322 (7.6) | 2954 (92.4) | 1 (ref) | |
| Mild | 595 (14.3) | 74 (10.7) | 521 (89.3) | 1.46 (1.10 to 1.94) | 0.008 |
| Moderate–severe | 266 (5.6) | 55 (16.3) | 211 (83.7) | 2.39 (1.69 to 3.38) | <0.0001 |
| N/A | 345 | ||||
| Hypertension | |||||
| Yes | 1740 (36.3) | 378 (17.7) | 1362 (82.3) | 5.67 (4.39 to 7.29) | <0.0001 |
| No | 2742 (63.7) | 119 (3.7) | 2623 (96.3) | 1(ref) | |
| N/A | 5 | ||||
| Diabetes | |||||
| Yes | 533 (9.5) | 168 (27.9) | 365 (72.1) | 5.36 (4.14 to 6.95) | <0.0001 |
| No | 3949 (90.5) | 329 (6.7) | 3620 (93.3) | 1(ref) | |
| N/A | 5 | ||||
| C reactive protein | |||||
| Tertile 1 | 1539 (39.0) | 111 (5.5) | 1428 (94.5) | 1 (ref) | |
| Tertile 2 | 1484 (33.0) | 173 (9.3) | 1311 (90.7) | 1.76 (1.39 to 2.24) | <0.0001 |
| Tertile 3 | 1454 (28.0) | 211 (12.4) | 1243 (87.6) | 2.44 (1.97 to 3.02) | <0.0001 |
| N/A | 5 | ||||
| Homocysteine | |||||
| Tertile 1 | 1489 (31.7) | 52 (3.2) | 1437 (96.8) | 1 (ref) | |
| Tertile 2 | 1486 (37.2) | 116 (6.2) | 1370 (93.8) | 2.02 (1.14 to 3.57) | 0.02 |
| Tertile 3 | 1486 (31.2) | 1486 (17.3) | 1159 (82.7) | 6.40 (4.32 to 9.50) | <0.0001 |
| N/A | 21 | ||||
| Cholesterol | |||||
| Tertile 1 | 1527 (33.1) | 235 (11.9) | 1292 (88.1) | 1 (ref) | |
| Tertile 2 | 1450 (34.0) | 146 (8.0) | 1304 (92.0) | 0.64 (0.46 to 0.91) | 0.01 |
| Tertile 3 | 1491 (32.9) | 110 (5.8) | 1381 (94.2) | 0.46 (0.32 to 0.67) | <0.0001 |
| N/A | 14 | ||||
Bold texts indicate significant p value, defined as p< 0.05.
BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; PIR, poverty income ratio.