Table 2.

Natural remedies and their therapeutic effects

Disorder	Natural Remedies	Compounds	Model	Finding	Mode of Action	Reference
Medicinal plant
SCA3	Rehmannia glutinosa	Catalpol	HEK-293 and SH-SY5Y cells	Promoted proteasome activity, suppressed polyQ aggregation, prevented cell death	UPS	[55]
	Pueraria lobate	Puerarin and daidzein	iPSCs	Promoted proteasome activity, suppressed polyQ aggregation, prevented cell death		[56]
	Gastrodia elata	T1-11 and JMF-1907	Mice	Promoted proteasome activity, prevented cell death, restored motor function		[57]
	Gardenia jasminoides	Genipin, geniposide and crocin	HEK-293 and SH-SY5Y cells	Promoted the expression of antioxidant genes, suppressed ROS level	NRF2 signalling pathway	[58]
	Glycyrrhiza inflata	Licochalcone A and AMGZ		Promoted the expression of antioxidant genes, suppressed ROS level, suppressed polyQ aggregation		[59]
	Paeonia lactiflora	Paeoniflorin		Promoted expression of heat shock proteins, suppressed polyQ aggregation, restored motor function	N/A	[60]
	Brassica napus	Sinapine	Roundworm	Promoted expression of antioxidant genes, suppressed ROS level, restored motor function	N/A	[61]
SCA17	Ginkgo biloba	N/A	SH-SY5Y cells and mice	Prevented calcium influx, prevented cell death	Calcium homeostasis	[62]
Herbal formulation
SCA6	Zhengan Xifeng Tang	N/A	Human	Restored motor function	N/A	[63, 64]
SCA17	Shaoyao Gancao Tang	N/A	HEK-293 and SH-SY5Y cells	Promoted expression of antioxidant genes, prevented cell death, restored mitochondrial biogenesis, restored motor function	N/A	[65]
Medicinal mushroom
FRDA	Hericium erinaceus	N/A	Fibroblast	Prevented antioxidant depletion, prevented cell death	N/A	[66]

SCA spinocerebellar ataxia, HEK-293 human embryonic kidney 293 cells, UPS ubiquitin–proteasome system, iPSCs induced-pluripotent stem cells, T1-11, N⁶-(4-Hydroxybenzyl) adenosine; JMF-1907, N⁶-(3-Indolylethyl) adenosine; NRF2 nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2; AMGZ ammonium glycyrrhizinate; FRDA Friedreich’s ataxia; N/A not applicable