Table 6.
Analytical capability to distinguish fresh fish (chilled or superchilled) from frozen/thawed fish for the methods that were finally considered ‘fit for purpose’ HADH and α‐glucosidase (enzymatic methods), histology (morphological methods); and UV‐VIS/NIR spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging (physico‐chemical methods) – see Tables D.4, D.5–D.6
| Speciesa | Reference group | –5°C | –10°C | –10°C to –12°C | –18°C | –20°C | –24°C | –29°C | –35°C | –40°C | –70°C | –80°C | –196°C | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HADH | ||||||||||||||
| Crawfish (Procambarus clarkia) | C | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Hoz et al. (1992) |
| Hake (Merluccius merluccius) | C | – | – | – | NO | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | NO | Fernandez et al. (1999) |
| Hake (Merluccius merluccius) | C | – | YES | – | YES | – | – | – | YES | – | – | YES | YES | Pavlov et al. (1994) |
| Small hake (Merluccius merluccius) | C | – | NO | – | NO | – | – | – | NO | – | – | NO | NO | Pavlov et al. (1994) |
| Norwegian lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) | C | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES | Fernandez et al. (1999) |
| Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) | C | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Duflos et al. (2002) |
| Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) | C | – | YES | – | YES | – | – | – | YES | – | – | YES | YES | Pavlov et al. (1994) |
| Nile perch | SC | – | – | – | YES* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Nile perch study |
| Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) | C | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Duflos et al. (2002) |
| Prawn (Penaeus japonicus) | C | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES | Fernandez et al. (1999) |
| Kuruma prawn (Penaeus japonicas) | C | – | YES | – | YES | – | – | – | YES | – | – | YES | YES | Hoz et al. (1993) |
| Salmon (Salmo salar) | C | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES | Fernandez et al. (1999) |
| Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) | C | – | – | – | NO | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | NO | Fernandez et al. (1999) |
| Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) | C | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES | Fernandez et al. (1999) |
| Sea bream (Pagellus centrodontus) | C | – | YES | – | YES | – | – | – | YES | – | – | YES | YES | Pavlov et al. (1994) |
| Sea bream (Pagellus centrodontus) | C | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES | Fernandez et al. (1999) |
| Sole (Solea solea) | C | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES | Fernandez et al. (1999) |
| Sole (Solea solea) | C | – | YES | – | YES | – | – | – | YES | – | – | YES | YES | Pavlov et al. (1994) |
| Squid (Loligo vulgaris) | C | – | YES | – | YES | – | – | – | YES | – | – | YES | YES | Pavlov et al. (1994) |
| Swordfish (Xyphius gladius) | C | – | YES | YES | – | Civera et al. (1996) | ||||||||
| Trout (Salmo gairdneri) | C | YES | – | – | YES | – | YES | – | YES | – | – | YES | YES | Garcia de Fernando et al. (1992) |
| Trout (Salmo gairdneri) | C | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Hoz et al. (1992) |
| Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) | C | –a | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bernardi et al. (2019) |
| Tuna (Thunnus alalunga) | C | – | YES | – | YES | – | – | – | YES | – | – | YES | YES | Pavlov et al. (1994) |
| Whiting (Merlangus merlangus) | C | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Duflos et al. (2002) |
| α‐glucosidase | ||||||||||||||
| Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) | C | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Alberio et al. (2014) |
| Cod (Gadus morhua) | C | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES* | – | – | – | – | – | Rehbein et al. (1978) |
| Cod (Gadus morhua) | C | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES* | – | – | – | – | – | Rehbein (1979) |
| Haddock (Gadus aeglefinus) | C | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES* | – | – | – | – | – | Rehbein et al. (1978) |
| Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) | C | – | – | – | NO | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Alberio et al. (2014) |
| Horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) | C | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Alberio et al. (2014) |
| Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) | C | – | – | – | – | NO | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Duflos et al. (2002) |
| Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) | C | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Duflos et al. (2002) |
| Saithe (Gadus virens) | C | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES* | – | – | – | – | – | Rehbein et al. (1978) |
| Salmon (Salmo salar) | C | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES* | – | – | – | – | – | Rehbein and Cakli (2000) |
| Sardines (Sardina pilchardus) | C | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Alberio et al. (2014) |
| Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) | C | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Marlard et al. (2019) |
| Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | C | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES* | – | – | – | Nilsson and Ekstrand (1993) |
| Red fish (Sebastes marinus) | C | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES* | – | – | – | – | – | Rehbein et al. (1978) |
| Whiting (Merlangus merlangus) | C | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Duflos et al. (2002) |
| Histology | ||||||||||||||
| Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) | C | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Meistro et al. (2016) |
| Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) | C | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Richelmi et al. (2013) |
| European hake (Merluccius merluccius) | C | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Tinacci et al. (2018) |
| Red mullet (Mullus barbatus) | C | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES | – | Bozzetta et al. (2012) |
| Salmon (Salmo salar) | C | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Richelmi et al. (2013) |
| Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) | C | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES | – | Bozzetta et al. (2012) |
| Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) | C | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES | – | Bozzetta et al. (2012) |
| Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | C | – | – | – | YES* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Popelka et al. (2014) | |
| Albacore tuna (thunnus alalunga) | C | – | – | – | – | YES* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Richelmi et al. (2013) |
| Little tunny (Euthynnus alletteratus) | C | – | – | – | – | YES* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Richelmi et al. (2013) |
| Turbot (Psetta maxima) | C | – | – | – | – | YES* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Richelmi et al. (2013) |
| 35 species differing in protein and fat content | C | – | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | YES | – | Bozzetta et al. (2012) |
| Combinations of UV-VIS/NIR | ||||||||||||||
| Cuttle fish (Sepia officinalis) | C | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Sannia et al. (2019) |
| Red sea bream (Pagrus major) | C | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | Uddin et al. (2005) |
| Horse mackerel (Trachurus japoncus) | C | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | Uddin and Okazaki (2004) |
| Atlantic mullet (Pseudupeneus prayensis) | C | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Alamprese and Casiraghi (2015) |
| Red hake (Urophycis chuss) | C | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Pink et al. (1998) |
| Sword fish (Xiphias gladius L) | C | – | YES | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Fasolato et al. (2012) |
| Tilapia (Oreochromis) | C | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Wang et al. (2018) |
| Tuna (Thymnus thynnus) | C | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES | – | Reis et al. (2017) |
| Whiting fillets (Merlangius merlangus) | C | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | Karoui et al. (2007) |
| Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), red mullet (Mallus barbatus), sole (Sole vulgaris), sword fish (Xiphias gladius L) | C | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Ottavian et al. (2013)b |
| Hyperspectral imaging | ||||||||||||||
| Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) | C | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | Sivertsen et al. (2011) |
| Crucian carp (Carassius auratus) | C | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Shan et al. (2018) |
| Atlantic cod | C | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | Washburn et al. (2017) |
| West African goat fish (Pseudupeneus prayensis) | C | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Ottavian et al. (2014) |
| Grass carp | C | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | Cheng et al. (2015) |
| Halibut (Psetta maxima) | C | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | Zhu et al. (2013) |
| Prawns (Metapenaeus ensis) | C | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Dai et al. (2015) |
| Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) | C | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | Kimiya et al. (2013) |
| Shrimps (Metapenaeus ensis) | C | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Qu et al. (2015) |
| Red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), flounder, white bass, and tilapia | C | – | – | – | – | YES | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Qin et al. (2020) |
–: not determined, YES: distinction between fresh or superchilled and frozen/thawed fish possible through statistical methods, NO: distinction not possible; HADH: β‐hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase; NIR: near‐infrared; UV‐VIS: Ultraviolet–visible.
*
No statistical test performed in the study.
a
With scientific name if provided.
b
Spectral data of this report derived from database of spectra from a variety of studies with different fish, stored at various freezing temperatures and durations. As such, it was difficult to trace and specify exact freezing temperatures, per the columns of this table.