Table 1.
Summary of the studies in COVID-19 patients, according to disease severity or outcome, included in the meta-analysis
| Mild disease or good outcome | Severe disease or poor outcome | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Author, Country, Reference |
Study design |
Outcome | NOS (stars) |
n | Age (Years) |
Gender (M/F) |
Albumin (g/L, Mean ± SD) |
n | Age (Years) |
Gender (M/F) |
Albumin (g/L, Mean ± SD) |
|
Aloisio et al. Italy [20] |
R |
Survivor Non-Survivor |
7 | 338 | 58 | 223/115 | 28.3 ± 5.2 | 89 | 73 | 70/19 | 20.3 ± 5.4 |
|
Batsug et al. Turkey [21] |
R |
ICU Non-ICU |
8 | 145 | 43 | 81/64 | 47.5 ± 6.8 | 46 | 71 | 26/20 | 35.8 ± 7.8 |
|
Bi et al. China [22] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
7 | 91 | 44 | 51/40 | 41.3 ± 4.0 | 22 | 54 | 13/9 | 38.8 ± 4.5 |
|
Bonetti et al. Italy [23] |
U |
Survivor Non-Survivor |
7 | 74 | 62 | 51/23 | 36.5 ± 4.2 | 70 | 78 | 45/25 | 34.1 ± 3.1 |
|
Cao et al. China [24] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
8 | 53 | 44 | 22/31 | 36.8 ± 4.3 | 27 | 71 | 16/11 | 32.8 ± 6.5 |
|
Cheng et al. China [25] |
R |
No progression Poor prognoses* |
8 | 205 | 49 | 71/134 | 40.2 ± 5.9 | 251 | 60 | 140/111 | 37.9 ± 6.3 |
|
Cheng et al. China [26] |
R |
Survivor Non-Survivor |
8 | 53 | 54 | 29/24 | 39.2 ± 3.7 | 36 | 69 | 20/16 | 34.0 ± 5.2 |
|
de la Rica et al. Spain [27] |
R |
ICU Non-ICU |
7 | 27 | 66 | 18/9 | 39.2 ± 4.2 | 21 | 66 | 14/7 | 29.0 ± /5.2 |
|
Deng et al. China [28] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
8 | 53 | 35 | 24/29 | 42.0 ± 3.2 | 12 | 33 | 12/0 | 40.9 ± 3.6 |
|
Feng et al. China [29] |
P |
Good outcome Poor outcome** |
8 | 94 | 63 | 58/36 | 35.6 ± 5.5 | 20 | 69 | 13/7 | 29.9 ± 4.4 |
|
Gan et al. China [30] |
R |
Survivor Non-Survivor |
7 | 56 | 62 | 30/26 | 34.9 ± 4.4 | 39 | 70 | 28/11 | 30.5 ± 4.5 |
|
Gao et al. China [31] |
R |
Survivor Non-Survivor |
8 | 175 | 70 | 79/96 | 36.2 ± 5.1 | 35 | 74 | 22/13 | 30.8 ± 6.1 |
|
Ghweil et al. Egypt [32] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
7 | 36 | 56 | 28/8 | 29.0 ± 1.0 | 30 | 63 | 20/10 | 25.0 ± 2.0 |
|
Gong et al. China [33] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
7 | 161 | 45 | 72/89 | 39.7 ± 4.3 | 28 | 64 | 16/12 | 34.2 ± 5.1 |
|
Guo et al. China [34] |
R |
Survivor Non-Survivor |
8 | 43 | 60 | 22/21 | 29.4 ± 1.4 | 31 | 68 | 21/10 | 26.5 ± 3.3 |
|
He et al. China [35] |
U |
Severe Non-severe |
7 | 32 | 42 | 15/17 | 41 ± 5.4 | 21 | 57 | 13/8 | 31.7 ± 4.0 |
|
Hirashima et al. Japan [36] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
7 | 45 | 42 | 27/18 | 39.5 ± 4.5 | 16 | 63 | 13/3 | 31.0 ± 4.0 |
|
How et al. China [37] |
R |
Progression Improvement*** |
8 | 84 | 47 | 34/50 | 36.5 ± 5.2 | 17 | 72 | 10/7 | 32.3 ± 7.2 |
|
Hu et al. China [38] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
8 | 19 | 43 | 11/8 | 41.6 ± 4.3 | 21 | 63 | 13/8 | 35.6 ± 5.1 |
|
Hu et al. China [39] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
8 | 130 | 63 | 58/72 | 31.4 ± 6.2 | 52 | 64 | 42/10 | 27.2 ± 5.7 |
|
Hua et al. China [40] |
U |
Ventilation§ No ventilation |
7 | 204 | 67 | 108/96 | 32.7 ± 4.6 | 265 | 69 | 158/107 | 31.4 ± 6.1 |
|
Huang et al. China [41] |
P |
ICU Non-ICU |
8 | 28 | 49 | 19/9 | 33.8 ± 4.9 | 13 | 49 | 11/2 | 28.4 ± 3.8 |
|
Huang et al. China [42] |
R |
Survivor Non-Survivor |
7 | 283 | 53 | 149/134 | 37.6 ± 6.2 | 16 | 69 | 11/5 | 30.5 ± 4.0 |
|
Huang et al. China [43] |
R |
Critical or Dead Non-critical |
8 | 2,008 | 60 | 943/1,065 | 36.7 ± 5.3 | 615 | 66 | 380/235 | 32.0 ± 4.6 |
|
Hundt et al. USA [44] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
8 | 1,175 | 63 | 574/601 | 34.0 ± 3.0 | 652 | 67 | 395/257 | 31.0 ± 2.7 |
|
Lee et al. Republic of Korea [45] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
8 | 557 | 52 | 155/402 | 41.2 ± 3.9 | 137 | 71 | 57/80 | 35.3 ± 5.0 |
|
Lei et al. China [46] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
8 | 50 | 62 | 22/28 | 35.5 ± 4.1 | 65 | 69 | 36/29 | 33.2 ± 4.9 |
|
Li et al. China [47] |
U |
Severe Non-severe |
7 | 41 | 53 | 20/21 | 40.0 ± 3.9 | 24 | 56 | 15/9 | 35.0 ± 5.9 |
|
Li et al. China [48] |
R |
ICU Non-ICU |
8 | 312 | 49 | 131/181 | 40.7 ± 3.7 | 211 | 62 | 119/92 | 36.3 ± 5.2 |
|
Li et al. China [49] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
7 | 45 | 50 | 24/21 | 40.4 ± 3.5 | 89 | 64 | 51/38 | 36.0 ± 6.0 |
|
Lian et al. China [50] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
8 | 140 | 66 | 62/78 | 38.4 ± 4.4 | 92 | 68 | 47/45 | 35.2 ± 5.6 |
|
Liang et al. China [51] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
8 | 1,459 | 48 | 816/643 | 33.9 ± 8.9 | 131 | 66 | 88/43 | 32.6 ± 8.9 |
|
Liu et al. China [52] |
P |
Severe Non-severe |
7 | 44 | 41 | 21/23 | 44.0 ± 4.6 | 17 | 56 | 10/7 | 41.8 ± 6.8 |
|
Liu et al. China [53] |
R |
Survivor Non-Survivor |
7 | 302 | 64 | 148/154 | 35.8 ± 5.2 | 34 | 74 | 21/13 | 27.6 ± 3.2 |
|
Liu et al. China [54] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
8 | 561 | 43 | 288/273 | 41.9 ± 5.7 | 64 | 60 | 41/23 | 38.4 ± 5.5 |
|
Liu et al. China [55] |
U |
Progression Improvement*** |
7 | 67 | 37 | 32/35 | 41.3 ± 4.6 | 11 | 66 | 7/4 | 36.6 ± 6.6 |
|
Ma et al. China [56] |
U |
Severe Non-severe |
8 | 429 | 42 | 199/230 | 40.7 ± 5.2 | 94 | 50 | 35/59 | 38.9 ± 6.6 |
|
Mo et al. China [57] |
R |
Refractory General |
8 | 70 | 46 | 31/39 | 39.0 ± 4.5 | 85 | 61 | 55/30 | 36.0 ± 6.0 |
|
Mori et al. Japan [58] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
8 | 23 | 69 | 13/10 | 34.7 ± 10.9 | 22 | 58 | 21/1 | 25.0 ± 8.7 |
|
Pan et al. China [59] |
R |
Survivor Non-Survivor |
8 | 35 | 65 | 18/17 | 29.1 ± 4.2 | 89 | 69 | 67/22 | 28.1 ± 3.7 |
| Pourabdollah Toutkaboni et al. Iran [60] | R |
Survivor Non-Survivor |
7 | 481 | 55 | 301/180 | 34.7 ± 4.1 | 89 | 64 | 68/21 | 30.0 ± 4.0 |
|
Recinella et al. Italy [61] |
U |
Survivor Non-Survivor |
8 | 66 | 79 | 32/34 | 31.9 ± 5.7 | 43 | 86 | 22/21 | 27.0 ± 5.2 |
|
Sheng et al. China [62] |
R |
Survivor Non-Survivor |
7 | 144 | 66 | NR | 37.5 ± 5.2 | 88 | 75 | NR | 31.1 ± 3.3 |
|
Shi et al. China [63] |
R |
ICUorDeath Non-ICU |
7 | 51 | 58 | 27/24 | 36.2 ± 5.1 | 36 | 66 | 22/14 | 29.3 ± 5.1 |
|
Sun et al. China [64] |
U |
Severe Non-severe |
7 | 44 | 42 | 25/19 | 40.2 ± 3.9 | 19 | 59 | 11/8 | 33.5 ± 5.4 |
|
Tsibouris et al. Greece [65] |
R |
Survivor Non-Survivor |
7 | 45 | NR | NR | 33.0 ± 6.1 | 16 | NR | NR | 26.0 ± 5.3 |
|
Varim et al. Turkey [66] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
7 | 85 | 62 | 48/37 | 33.3 ± 5.4 | 59 | 69 | 31/28 | 29.8 ± 4.9 |
|
Violi et al. Italy [67] |
U |
Survivor Non-Survivor |
8 | 255 | 66 | 148/107 | 33.9 ± 5.3 | 64 | 77 | 45/19 | 30.3 ± 5.1 |
|
Wang et al. China [68] |
U |
ICU Non-ICU |
8 | 39 | 54 | 27/12 | 37.6 ± 4.0 | 46 | 65 | 18/28 | 33.2 ± 5.4 |
|
Wang et al. China [69] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
7 | 72 | 44 | 29/43 | 38.6 ± 2.3 | 71 | 65 | 44/27 | 32.0 ± 3.0 |
|
Wang et al. China [70] |
R |
ICU Non-ICU |
8 | 14 | 66 | 11/3 | 35.0 ± 5.9 | 14 | 71 | 10/4 | 30.5 ± 4.3 |
|
Wang et al. China [71] |
R |
Survivor Non-Survivor |
7 | 175 | 64 | 86/89 | 34.9 ± 4.7 | 24 | 70 | 16/8 | 31.6 ± 4.6 |
|
Wang et al. China [72] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
7 | 79 | 41 | 38/41 | 42.1 ± 5.1 | 26 | 59 | 18/8 | 37.7 ± 5.9 |
|
Wang et al. China [73] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
7 | 230 | 45 | 102/128 | 41.0 ± 4.4 | 45 | 61 | 26/19 | 34.3 ± 3.8 |
|
Wu et al. China [74] |
R |
ARDS Non-ARDS |
7 | 117 | 48 | 68/49 | 33.7 ± 4.0 | 84 | 59 | 60/24 | 30.3 ± 4.7 |
|
Xue et al. China [75] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
7 | 56 | 61 | 30/26 | 34.8 ± 3.8 | 58 | 64 | 34/24 | 28.0 ± 7.3 |
|
Yao et al. China [76] |
R |
Survivor Non-Survivor |
8 | 96 | 48 | 36/60 | 39.3 ± 3.6 | 12 | 63 | 7/5 | 31.1 ± 4.7 |
|
Yu et al. China [77] |
U |
Severe Non-severe |
7 | 799 | 61 | 384/415 | 35.7 ± 4.7 | 864 | 66 | 454/410 | 34.5 ± 5.1 |
|
Zeng et al. China [78] |
R |
ICU Non-ICU |
7 | 406 | 43 | 206/200 | 40.3 ± 5.4 | 55 | 60 | 33/22 | 35.6 ± 5.4 |
|
Zhang et al. China [79] |
U |
Severe Non-severe |
7 | 56 | 43 | 24/32 | 37.5 ± 3.9 | 24 | 65 | 9/15 | 32.8 ± 5.4 |
|
Zhang et al. China [80] |
R |
Normal Abnormal§§ |
7 | 72 | 35 | 33/39 | 42.5 ± 4.7 | 573 | 47 | 295/278 | 41.0 ± 4.5 |
|
Zhang et al. China [81] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
7 | 84 | 44 | 29/55 | 40.4 ± 3.2 | 31 | 65 | 20/11 | 34.4 ± 4.1 |
|
Zheng et al. China [82] |
U |
Severe Non-severe |
7 | 55 | 44 | 26/29 | 33.9 ± 9.4 | 13 | 61 | 10/3 | 32.5 ± 3.2 |
|
Zhou et al. China [83] |
R |
Severe Non-severe |
8 | 95 | 35 | 38/57 | 42.4 ± 4.5 | 28 | 40 | 17/11 | 40.4 ± 4.8 |
|
Zhou et al. China [84] |
R |
Survivor Non-Survivor |
8 | 137 | 52 | 56/81 | 33.5 ± 4.4 | 54 | 69 | 16/38 | 29.0 ± 3.6 |
|
Zhou et al. China [85] |
R |
Survivor Non-Survivor |
7 | 51 | 73 | 31/20 | 33.6 ± 4.9 | 67 | 71 | 22/45 | 33.1 ± 5.0 |
|
Zinellu et al. Italy [86] |
R |
Survivor Non-Survivor |
8 | 77 | 68 | 27/50 | 34.7 ± 5.3 | 28 | 80 | 8/20 | 32.3 ± 3.9 |
ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome; ICU intensive care unit; Non-severe Patients with mild or moderate disease; NOS Newcastle–Ottawa quality assessment scale for case–control studies; NR Not Reported; P prospective; R retrospective; Severe Patients with severe or critical disease; U undeclared.
*Poor prognosis refers to progression from moderate to severe grade, critical grade or death.
**Patients that were discharged, those with non-severe condition, and those not requiring mechanical ventilation were considered to have a good outcome. Patients requiring mechanical ventilation and those who died were considered to have a poor outcome.
***Progression group: clinically advanced types; patients admitted to ICU; death during hospitalization. Improvement group: clinical status remained unchanged or improved, and patients discharged from the hospital.
§Both invasive and non-invasive ventilation.
§§Normal or abnormal imaging findings.