Table A9:
School Quality Effects and Neighborhood Effects, Add Health Non-Hispanic White Sample
| Adolescent Outcomes | Adult Outcomes | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | |
| VARIABLES | School Problem Index |
Ever Suspended from School |
Depression Index |
Wants to Attend College |
Expects to Attend College |
English Grade |
Math Grade |
College Graduation |
High School Graduation |
Currently Employed |
Personal Income |
Ever Married |
Children Ever Born |
| Male | 0.491*** (0.110) |
0.154** (0.0654) |
−0.172 (0.118) |
−0.461*** (0.160) |
−0.481*** (0.127) |
−0.505*** (0.130) |
−0.177 (0.115) |
−0.0601 (0.0595) |
−0.0546** (0.0231) |
0.152** (0.0671) |
7.583 (6.894) |
−0.175** (0.0663) |
−0.589*** (0.132) |
| Male*Educated Neighborhood | 0.0185 (0.285) |
0.132 (0.102) |
−0.315 (0.324) |
0.240 (0.245) |
0.500** (0.220) |
−0.0120 (0.248) |
−0.621* (0.317) |
−0.166 (0.149) |
0.0753 (0.0553) |
−0.0443 (0.117) |
17.73 (16.77) |
−0.134 (0.134) |
0.586*** (0.216) |
| Male*School Quality Index | −0.0136 (0.0329) |
−0.0362** (0.0159) |
−0.00430 (0.0377) |
0.0536 (0.0350) |
0.0543* (0.0290) |
0.0329 (0.0346) |
0.0344 (0.0325) |
0.0153 (0.0179) |
0.00818 (0.00982) |
−0.000227 (0.0193) |
−0.391 (2.324) |
−0.00246 (0.0189) |
0.0528 (0.0339) |
| School Quality Index | −0.0212 (0.0263) |
−0.0238* (0.0133) |
−0.0196 (0.0288) |
0.0434 (0.0265) |
0.0704*** (0.0251) |
0.0482* (0.0265) |
0.0651* (0.0361) |
0.0324* (0.0169) |
0.0175** (0.00818) |
0.00912 (0.0145) |
0.826 (1.115) |
0.00745 (0.0165) |
−0.0672** (0.0287) |
| Educated Neighborhood | 0.0825 (0.260) |
−0.196** (0.0909) |
0.182 (0.306) |
0.550*** (0.168) |
0.656*** (0.157) |
0.150 (0.224) |
0.359 (0.416) |
0.469*** (0.127) |
0.0150 (0.0433) |
0.174* (0.0924) |
16.59* (8.397) |
0.0149 (0.110) |
−0.886*** (0.182) |
| Male*No Father | 0.173* (0.0974) |
0.0597* (0.0330) |
0.0159 (0.0781) |
−0.177** (0.0778) |
−0.0952 (0.0917) |
0.0141 (0.108) |
−0.156* (0.0935) |
0.0207 (0.0363) |
−0.0350 (0.0214) |
−0.0581 (0.0396) |
−2.280 (3.234) |
−0.0584 (0.0353) |
−0.259*** (0.0977) |
| Male*Other Father | 0.0697 (0.0981) |
0.0470 (0.0481) |
−0.299** (0.141) |
−0.0299 (0.0937) |
−0.0677 (0.109) |
−0.00936 (0.115) |
0.0357 (0.138) |
0.0251 (0.0443) |
−0.00757 (0.0346) |
0.0766 (0.0501) |
4.711 (8.460) |
−0.0147 (0.0521) |
−0.109 (0.110) |
| Male*Median Houshold Income | −9.33e-06** (3.88e-06) |
−7.28e-07 (2.05e-06) |
−5.14e-07 (4.12e-06) |
6.50e-06 (4.93e-06) |
2.84e-06 (4.06e-06) |
3.44e-06 (4.19e-06) |
8.46e-06** (4.08e-06) |
4.54e-07 (2.27e-06) |
2.90e-07 (6.75e-07) |
−5.35e-07 (2.00e-06) |
0.000148 (0.000229) |
2.57e-06 (2.14e-06) |
5.37e-06 (4.21e-06) |
| No Father | 0.173** (0.0657) |
0.116*** (0.0220) |
0.198*** (0.0576) |
−0.0449 (0.0647) |
−0.220*** (0.0727) |
−0.260*** (0.0636) |
−0.140** (0.0693) |
−0.116*** (0.0248) |
−0.0365*** (0.0125) |
−0.0173 (0.0317) |
−5.320*** (1.702) |
−0.0427 (0.0276) |
0.231*** (0.0744) |
| Other Father | 0.195** (0.0862) |
0.0535** (0.0258) |
0.405*** (0.128) |
0.00823 (0.0706) |
−0.125 (0.0878) |
−0.0944 (0.0796) |
−0.122 (0.120) |
−0.116*** (0.0280) |
−0.0332 (0.0209) |
−0.0881** (0.0395) |
−2.976 (3.487) |
−0.0277 (0.0429) |
0.154* (0.0898) |
| Median Household Income | 1.03e-05** (4.70e-06) |
1.97e-06 (1.87e-06) |
4.22e-07 (3.70e-06) |
−4.26e-06 (3.51e-06) |
−2.38e-06 (3.35e-06) |
−7.04e-06 (4.38e-06) |
−7.77e-07 (5.34e-06) |
4.68e-06** (1.92e-06) |
−2.35e-07 (7.12e-07) |
2.95e-06* (1.71e-06) |
0.000428*** (0.000137) |
−1.05e-05*** (1.71e-06) |
−1.73e-05*** (3.54e-06) |
| Constant | −0.815* (0.474) |
−0.396** (0.174) |
−1.047*** (0.318) |
0.861*** (0.312) |
−0.769** (0.318) |
2.688*** (0.462) |
2.961*** (0.665) |
−0.188 (0.195) |
0.629*** (0.108) |
0.364** (0.139) |
−41.65*** (15.71) |
−0.595*** (0.174) |
−0.169 (0.421) |
| Observations | 5,160 | 5,265 | 5,257 | 5,256 | 5,255 | 5,052 | 4,770 | 5,267 | 5,267 | 4,391 | 5,102 | 5,264 | 5,253 |
| R-squared | 0.042 | 0.139 | 0.057 | 0.109 | 0.177 | 0.087 | 0.032 | 0.181 | 0.094 | 0.050 | 0.067 | 0.077 | 0.134 |
| Mean of dependent variable | 0.035 | 0.223 | 0.051 | −0.046 | −0.024 | 2.883 | 2.748 | 0.377 | 0.943 | 0.803 | 37.795 | 0.590 | 0.878 |
| Mother’s characteristics | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses. Standard errors clustered by school.
p<0.01
p<0.05
p<0.1. “School Quality Index” is a standardized index based on school administrator reports of average daily attendance, class size, % of new and experienced teachers, % of teachers with a Masters degree, grade 12 dropout rates, % of students with achievement tests below and above grade level, and % of 12th graders enrolled in college next year. “Educated Neighborhood” is the proportion of aged 25+ individuals with college degree or more at census tract level. “No Father” and “Other Father” refer to living arrangements at Wave I. “Median Household Income” is the median household income at county level, and is included as an additional control variable. “School problems” is a standardized index based on factor analysis of the variables in Table A5. “Depression” is a standardized index based on factor analysis of the variables in Table A6. Grades are student-reported and range from 1=D or lower to 4=A. College desires/expectations are standardized measures based on a 0-4 scale. “Currently Employed” is a dummy for whether is currently working at Wave IV. “Personal Income” is the total personal earnings before tax in 2006/2007/2008. “Ever Married” is a dummy for whether has been married up to Wave IV. “Children Ever Born” is the self-reported total number of child births up to Wave IV. Mothers characteristics include education and dummies for foreign-born and young mother (under 22). All models include birth cohort. Models (1)-(7) are weighted by Wave I weights and models (8)-(13) are weighted by Wave IV weights.