Table 4.
Number (%) of participants in each performance category across 56 Index of Productive Syntax (Scarborough, 1990) items.
| Item | DLD (n = 21) |
LD-ASD (n = 15) |
Overall (N = 36) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full (%) | Partial (%) | No (%) | Full (%) | Partial (%) | No (%) | Full (%) | Partial (%) | No (%) | |
| V15: Ellipsis | 0 (0) | 2 (10) | 19 (90) | 1 (7) | 1 (7) | 13 (87) | 1 (3) | 3 (8) | 32 (89) |
| S9: Let/make/help, etc. | 0 (0) | 2 (10) | 19 (90) | 1 (7) | 1 (7) | 13 (87) | 1 (3) | 3 (8) | 32 (89) |
| Q10: Tag question | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 20 (95) | 0 (0) | 5 (33) | 10 (67) | 0 (0) | 6 (17) | 30 (83) |
| Q9: Why/when/which, etc.* | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 19 (90) | 2 (13) | 5 (33) | 8 (53) | 3 (8) | 6 (17) | 27 (75) |
| N11: Lexical bound morpheme | 2 (10) | 3 (14) | 16 (76) | 3 (20) | 2 (13) | 10 (67) | 5 (14) | 5 (14) | 26 (72) |
| S19: Fronted clause | 2 (10) | 7 (33) | 12 (57) | 0 (0) | 3 (20) | 12 (80) | 2 (6) | 10 (28) | 24 (66) |
| S18: Gerund | 0 (0) | 8 (38) | 13 (62) | 2 (13) | 4 (27) | 9 (60) | 2 (6) | 12 (33) | 22 (61) |
| V11: Past modal | 7 (33) | 2 (10) | 12 (57) | 3 (20) | 3 (20) | 9 (60) | 10 (28) | 5 (14) | 21 (58) |
| S17: Infinitive (two subjects) | 2 (10) | 7 (33) | 12 (57) | 2 (13) | 5 (33) | 8 (53) | 4 (11) | 12 (33) | 20 (56) |
| S14: Bitransitive predicate | 2 (10) | 8 (38) | 11 (52) | 1 (7) | 5 (33) | 9 (60) | 3 (8) | 13 (36) | 20 (56) |
| Q8: Y/N question | 3 (14) | 5 (24) | 13 (62) | 7 (47) | 3 (20) | 5 (33) | 10 (28) | 8 (22) | 18 (50) |
| Q6: Wh-question with AMC* | 3 (14) | 5 (24) | 13 (62) | 6 (40) | 6 (40) | 3 (20) | 9 (25) | 11 (31) | 16 (44) |
| V13: Past auxiliary | 10 (48) | 4 (19) | 7 (33) | 3 (20) | 5 (33) | 7 (47) | 13 (36) | 9 (25) | 14 (39) |
| Q4: Wh-question with verb* | 2 (10) | 7 (33) | 12 (57) | 9 (60) | 4 (27) | 2 (13) | 11 (31) | 11 (31) | 14 (39) |
| Q2: Routine question* | 7 (33) | 3 (14) | 11 (52) | 11 (73) | 2 (13) | 2 (13) | 18 (50) | 5 (14) | 13 (36) |
| V16: Past copula | 13 (62) | 3 (14) | 5 (24) | 6 (40) | 2 (13) | 7 (47) | 19 (53) | 5 (14) | 12 (33) |
| S15: 3-VP sentences | 11 (52) | 6 (29) | 4 (19) | 8 (53) | 0 (0) | 7 (47) | 19 (53) | 6 (17) | 11 (31) |
| S11: Propositional compt | 8 (38) | 6 (29) | 7 (33) | 9 (60) | 3 (20) | 3 (20) | 17 (47) | 9 (25) | 10 (28) |
| S16: Relative clause | 10 (48) | 6 (29) | 5 (24) | 5 (33) | 5 (33) | 5 (33) | 15 (41) | 11 (31) | 10 (28) |
| S12: Conjoined clause | 16 (76) | 3 (14) | 2 (10) | 6 (40) | 3 (20) | 6 (40) | 22 (61) | 6 (17) | 8 (22) |
| V10: Third-person singular –s | 10 (48) | 6 (29) | 5 (24) | 11 (73) | 2 (13) | 2 (13) | 21 (58) | 8 (22) | 7 (19) |
| V9: Evident/past modal | 17 (81) | 0 (0) | 4 (19) | 11 (73) | 1 (7) | 3 (20) | 28 (78) | 1 (3) | 7 (19) |
| S13: Wh-clause | 15 (71) | 4 (19) | 2 (10) | 6 (40) | 5 (33) | 4 (27) | 21 (58) | 9 (25) | 6 (17) |
| V12: Past tense –ed | 16 (76) | 3 (14) | 2 (10) | 7 (47) | 5 (33) | 3 (20) | 23 (64) | 8 (22) | 5 (14) |
| Q1: Intonation question | 12 (57) | 5 (24) | 4 (19) | 13 (87) | 2 (13) | 0 (0) | 25 (70) | 7 (19) | 4 (11) |
| Q7N: Negation of AMC | 15 (71) | 4 (19) | 2 (10) | 11 (73) | 2 (13) | 2 (13) | 26 (72) | 6 (17) | 4 (11) |
| S7: Conjoined phrase | 20 (95) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 10 (67) | 1 (7) | 4 (27) | 30 (83) | 2 (6) | 4 (11) |
| N8: 2-word NP + V | 18 (85) | 1 (5) | 2 (10) | 13 (87) | 1 (7) | 1 (7) | 31 (86) | 2 (6) | 3 8) |
| N10: NP adverb | 14 (76) | 5 (24) | 2 (10) | 12 (80) | 2 (13) | 1 (7) | 26 (72) | 7 (19) | 3 (8) |
| V7: Progressive –ing | 19 (90) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 11 (73) | 2 (13) | 2 (13) | 30 (83) | 3 (8) | 3 (8) |
| S8: Infinitive* | 20 (95) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 9 (60) | 3 (20) | 3 (20) | 29 (81) | 4 (11) | 3 (8) |
| S10: Adverbial conjunction | 18 (85) | 3 (14) | 0 (0) | 10 (67) | 2 (13) | 3 (20) | 28 (78) | 5 (14) | 3 (8) |
| V6: Evident auxiliary | 18 (85) | 2 (10) | 1 (5) | 12 (80) | 2 (13) | 1 (7) | 30 (83) | 4 (11) | 2 (6) |
| V5: Catenative | 19 (90) | 0 (0) | 2 (10) | 14 (93) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | 33 (91) | 1 (3) | 2 (6) |
| V14: Medial adverb | 14 (76) | 6 (29) | 1 (5) | 12 (80) | 2 (13) | 1 (7) | 26 (72) | 8 (22) | 2 (6) |
| Q5N: N + not + V | 16 (76) | 5 (24) | 0 (0) | 11 (73) | 2 (13) | 2 (13) | 27 (75) | 7 (19) | 2 (6) |
| V4: Copula (present/past) | 21 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 14 (93) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | 35 (97) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) |
| S6: Any 2 verbs | 21 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 14 (93) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | 35 (97) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) |
| S4: S + V + O | 20 (95) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 15 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 35 (97) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) |
| S5: Any conjunction | 21 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 13 (87) | 1 (7) | 1 (7) | 34 (94) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) |
| N9: 3-word NP | 19 (90) | 2 (10) | 0 (0) | 13 (87) | 2 (13) | 0 (0) | 32 (89) | 4 (11) | 0 (0) |
| N6: V + 2-word NP | 21 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 36 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| N5: Article + N | 21 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 36 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| N4: 2-word NP | 21 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 36 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| N1: Noun | 21 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 36 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| N2: Pronoun | 20 (95) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 15 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 35 (97) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) |
| N3: Modifier | 21 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 36 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| N7: Plural | 21 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 13 (87) | 2 (13) | 0 (0) | 34 (94) | 2 (6) | 0 (0) |
| V1: Verb | 21 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 36 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| V8: Adverb | 20 (95) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 14 (93) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | 34 (94) | 2 (6) | 0 (0) |
| V3: Prepositional phrase | 21 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 36 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| V2: Particle/preposition | 21 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 36 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Q3N: Simple negation | 19 (90) | 2 (10) | 0 (0) | 13 (87) | 2 (13) | 0 (0) | 32 (89) | 4 (11) | 0 (0) |
| S2: S + V | 21 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 36 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| S3: V + O | 21 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 36 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| S1: 2 words | 21 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 36 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Note. Bold data indicate grammatical structures that are Not Evident, identified by > 50% participants scoring No Credit. Underlined data indicate grammatical structures that are Evident, identified by > 50% participants scoring Full Credit. Due to rounding, total percentages range from 99 to 101. DLD = developmental language disorder; LD-ASD = language disorder associated with autism spectrum disorder; Y/N = yes/no; AMC = auxiliary, modal, or copula; VP = verb phrase; Propositional compt = propositional complement; NP = noun phrase; V = verb; N = noun; S = subject; O = object.
*
Significant differences in group performance.