Table 2. Association between maternal vegetable intake and allergic disease in offspring.
| Maternal intakea | Asthma | Wheeze | Atopic dermatitis | Eczema | Food allergy | Any allergy | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aORb (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Total vegetables (g/day) | ||||||||||||
| Q1 (55.7±33.8) | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | ||||||
| Q2 (94.9±37.5) | 1.07 (0.92–1.24) | 1.00 (0.95–1.07) | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 1.13 (1.06–1.20) | 1.06 (1.00–1.11) | ||||||
| Q3 (125.5±47.0) | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) | 0.99 (0.94–1.06) | 0.93 (0.82–1.05) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | ||||||
| Q4 (160.7±67.7) | 1.12 (0.87–1.19) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 1.09 (0.97–1.23) | 1.08 (1.02–1.15) | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) | 1.09 (1.03–1.15) | ||||||
| Q5 (264.2±184.7) | 1.02 (0.88–1.20) | 1.02 (0.95–1.08) | 1.17 (1.04–1.31) | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) | 1.09 (1.02–1.16) | 1.08 (1.03–1.14) | ||||||
| Folate vegetables (g/day) | ||||||||||||
| Q1 (9.0±6.4) | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | ||||||
| Q2 (24.1±16.1) | 0.93 (0.80–1.08) | 0.98 (0.93–1.05) | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | ||||||
| Q3 (27.5±10.5) | 0.89 (0.77–1.04) | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 0.95 (0.85–1.07) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | ||||||
| Q4 (38.4±14.9) | 0.98 (0.84–1.13) | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 1.05 (0.93–1.18) | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | ||||||
| Q5 (69.0±54.1) | 0.87 (0.74–1.02) | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) | 1.11 (0.99–1.25) | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | 1.02 (0.95–1.08) | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | ||||||
| Green and yellow vegetables (g/day) | ||||||||||||
| Q1 (15.5±10.0) | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | ||||||
| Q2 (30.5±12.4) | 0.99 (0.86–1.15) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 1.02 (0.91–1.15) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | ||||||
| Q3 (43.0±16.5) | 0.98 (0.84–1.14) | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 1.03 (0.91–1.16) | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 1.08 (1.02–1.16) | 1.05 (1.00–1.11) | ||||||
| Q4 (57.9±24.1) | 0.96 (0.82–1.12) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 1.10 (1.04–1.17) | 1.12 (1.05–1.20) | 1.09 (1.03–1.15) | ||||||
| Q5 (102.1±73.4) | 0.95 (0.81–1.11) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 1.11 (0.99–1.25) | 1.11 (1.05–1.19) | 1.11 (1.04–1.18) | 1.09 (1.03–1.15) | ||||||
| Cruciferous vegetables (g/day) | ||||||||||||
| Q1 (10.3±6.6) | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | ||||||
| Q2 (21.1±8.0) | 0.82 (0.70–0.96) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) | ||||||
| Q3 (30.4±11.6) | 0.95 (0.82–1.11) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | ||||||
| Q4 (42.4±15.0) | 0.93 (0.80–1.08) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | ||||||
| Q5 (75.2±56.4) | 0.83 (0.71–0.97) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 1.05 (0.98–1.11) | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | ||||||
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval
a: Q1 is the lowest quintile. Q5 is the highest quintile.
b: Adjusted for maternal age, place of recruitment, maternal height, pre-pregnant BMI, maternal weight gain during pregnancy, parity, conception method (assisted reproductive technology or not), pre-existing maternal hypertension, pre-existing maternal diabetes, parental allergic history, parental smoking, maternal education, maternal household income, infant gender, maternal folic acid supplementation during pregnancy, breastfeeding at one month after delivery, estimated maternal total energy intake during pregnancy, and delivery mode (vaginal or cesarean)