Table 3. Association between maternal nutritional intake and allergic diseases in offspring.
| Maternal intakea | Asthma | Wheeze | Atopic dermatitis | Eczema | Food allergy | Any allergy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aORb | aOR | aOR | aOR | aOR | aOR | ||
| Vitamin A (μg/day) | |||||||
| Q1 (240.5±19.3) | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | |
| Q2 (353.0±187.4) | 0.91 (0.78–1.05) | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.89 (0.79–1.00) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 1.09 (1.02–1.16) | 1.04 (0.99–1.10) | |
| Q3 (449.7±247.1) | 0.87 (0.76–1.03) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | 1.06 (1.00–1.11) | |
| Q4 (584.4±330.6) | 0.89 (0.76–1.03) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 0.89 (0.80–1.00) | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 1.05 (1.00–1.11) | |
| Q5 (1053.6±1265.4) | 0.88 (0.76–1.02) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 0.93 (0.83–1.05) | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | |
| Alpha-carotene (μg/day) | |||||||
| Q1 (102.8±81.4) | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | |
| Q2 (255.7±106.7) | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | 1.05 (1.00–1.11) | |
| Q3 (377.4±190.7) | 1.00 (0.86–1.17) | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 0.95 (0.85–1.07) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 1.10 (1.03–1.17) | 1.03 (0.98–1.09) | |
| Q4 (581.8±215.6) | 1.09 (0.93–1.27) | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 1.08 (1.02–1.15) | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 1.10 (1.04–1.16) | |
| Q5 (1061.2±948.3) | 0.95 (0.81–1.11) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) | 1.10 (1.03–1.16) | 1.10 (1.04–1.18) | 1.09 (1.03–1.15) | |
| Beta-carotene (μg)/day | |||||||
| Q1 (1127.6±771.4) | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | |
| Q2 (1966.5±895.1) | 0.89 (0.77–1.04) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 0.94 (0.83–1.06) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | |
| Q3 (2678.3±1247.3) | 1.01 (0.87–1.17) | 1.05 (0.98–1.11) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) | |
| Q4 (3508.8±1398.7) | 0.96 (0.83–1.12) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1.00 (0.89–1.13) | 1.08 (1.01–1.14) | 1.07 (1.01–1.15) | 1.07 (1.02–1.13) | |
| Q5 (5753.5±4278.8) | 0.94 (0.81–1.10) | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 1.05 (0.94–1.18) | 1.08 (1.02–1.15) | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) | 1.06 (1.00–1.11) | |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | |||||||
| Q1 (39.0±25.2) | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | |
| Q2 (61.5±26.8) | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) | 0.97 (0.86–1.09) | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | 1.07 (1.00–1.14) | 1.06 (1.01–1.12) | |
| Q3 (81.5±41.3) | 1.00 (0.86–1.17) | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) | 1.03 (0.91–1.15) | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | 1.05 (1.00–1.11) | |
| Q4 (102.9±47.2) | 1.07 (0.92–1.25) | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) | 1.07 (1.00–1.13) | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) | 1.06 (1.00–1.11) | |
| Q5 (157.1±98.3) | 1.02 (0.88–1.19) | 1.08 (1.01–1.14) | 1.10 (0.98–1.23) | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 1.00 (0.93–1.06) | 1.04 (0.98–1.09) | |
| Alpha-tocopherol (mg/day) | |||||||
| Q1 (4.2±2.3) | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | |
| Q2 5.4±2.3) | 1.01 (0.87–1.16) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | |
| Q3 (6.2±2.5) | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 1.07 (0.96–1.21) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1.04 (0.97–1.10) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | |
| Q4 (7.1±3.2) | 0.88 (0.76–1.04) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) | 1.07 (1.00–1.13) | 1.04 (0.99–1.10) | |
| Q5 (9.3±5.5) | 0.89 (0.76–1.04) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | |
| Vitamin K (μg/day) | |||||||
| Q1 (82.2±50.4) | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | |
| Q2 (129.7±60.9) | 1.06 (0.91–1.23) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 0.99 (0.89–1.12) | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 1.03 (0.98–1.09) | |
| Q3 (167.3±75.3) | 1.06 (0.91–1.24) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 0.97 (0.86–1.09) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | |
| Q4 (221.8±105.1) | 1.00 (0.85–1.16) | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 1.10 (0.98–1.24) | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) | |
| Q5 (358.9±255.6) | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 0.99 (0.92–1.05) | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) | |
| Folate (μg/day) | |||||||
| Q1 (158.2±873.9) | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | |
| Q2 (210.6±92.4) | 0.88 (0.76–1.03) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 0.92 (0.82–1.04) | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | |
| Q3 (247.8±100.4) | 0.96 (0.83–1.12) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) | 1.08 (1.02–1.15) | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 1.03 (0.98–1.09) | |
| Q4 (293.8±134.1) | 0.99 (0.85–1.15) | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 1.05 (0.93–1.17) | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | |
| Q5 (394.6±230.0) | 0.93 (0..80–1.09) | 1.07 (1.00–1.13) | 1.04 (0.93–1.17) | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | |
| Soluble fiber (g/day) | |||||||
| Q1 (1.5±0.7) | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | |
| Q2 (2.0±0.7) | 0.98 (0.85–1.14) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 0.98 (0.87–1.11) | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 1.04 (0.98–1.09) | |
| Q3 (2.4±0.9) | 0.96 (0.82–1.12) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 1.10 (1.04–1.17) | 0.94 (0.89–1.01) | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | |
| Q4 (2.9±1.0) | 1.04 (0.90–1.21) | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 1.09 (0.97–1.23) | 1.09 (1.03–1.16) | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 1.05 (1.00–1.11) | |
| Q5 (4.3±2.6) | 1.01 (0.86–1.18) | 1.01 (0.94–1.07) | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 1.14 (1.07–1.21) | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) | 1.07 (1.01–1.12) | |
| Insoluble fiber (g/day) | |||||||
| Q1 (5.0±2.3) | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | |
| Q2 (6.2±2.3) | 0.95 (0.82–1.11) | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | 1.00 (0.89–1.13) | 1.07 (1.00–1.13) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | |
| Q3 (7.3±2.6) | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 0.98 (0.87–1.11) | 1.07 (1.00–1.13) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | |
| Q4 (8.6±3.2) | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 1.11 (1.04–1.18) | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) | |
| Q5 (11.8±6.8) | 0.98 (0.83–1.14) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) | 1.00 (0.93–1.06) | 1.04 (0.99–1.10) | |
| Total fiber (g/day) | |||||||
| Q1 (6.8±3.2) | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | |
| Q2 (8.7±3.3) | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) | 1.01 (0.96–1.08) | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | 1.04 (0.97–1.10) | 1.06 (1.01–1.12) | |
| Q3 (10..3±3.9) | 0.97 (0.83–1.13) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 0.96 (0.91–1.03) | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) | |
| Q4 (12.0±4.5) | 1.05 (0.90–1.22) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 1.10 (1.03–1.17) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1.06 (1.00–1.11) | |
| Q5 (16.4±9.6) | 0.97 (0.83–1.14) | 1.03 (0.96–1.09) | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 1.13 (1.06–1.20) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 1.06 (1.01–1.12) | |
a: Q1 is the lowest quintile. Q5 is the highest quintile.
b: Adjusted for maternal age, place of recruitment, maternal height, pre-pregnant BMI, maternal weight gain during pregnancy, parity, conception method (assisted reproductive technology or not), pre-existing maternal hypertension, pre-existing maternal diabetes, parental allergic history, parental smoking, maternal education, maternal household income, infant gender, maternal folic acid supplementation during pregnancy, breastfeeding at one month after delivery, estimated maternal total energy intake during pregnancy, and delivery mode (vaginal or cesarean)