Table 4.
ANCOVA for grit (mean ± SD (n)) and individual eating habits.
| Variable | Usually/often (U) | Sometimes (S) | Rarely/never (R) | p-Value | F-statistic | Post hoc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breakfast skipped | 3.36 ± 0.64 (n = 241) | 3.41 ± 0.65 (n = 188) | 3.56 ± 0.58 (n = 458) | 0.002 | 6.438 | R > S, U |
| Frequency of eating takeout | 3.36 ± 0.76 (n = 45) | 3.37 ± 0.61 (n = 170) | 3.51 ± 0.61 (n = 673) | 0.021 | 3.877 | R > S |
| Eat < 2 servings of starches/day | 3.38 ± 0.68 (n = 138) | 3.41 ± 0.63 (n = 305) | 3.56 ± 0.58 (n = 445) | 0.003 | 5.916 | R > S, U |
| Eat < 2 servings of fruits/day | 3.29 ± 0.67 (n = 198) | 3.49 ± 0.60 (n = 358) | 3.57 ± 0.59 (n = 332) | <0.001 | 12.846 | R > U S > U |
| Eat < 2 servings of vegetables/day | 3.35 ± 0.64 (n = 135) | 3.45 ± 0.62 (n = 332) | 3.54 ± 0.60 (n = 421) | 0.016 | 4.165 | R > U |
| Eat/drink < 2 servings of dairy/day | 3. 43 ± 0.63 (n = 195) | 3.46 ± 0.61 (n = 300) | 3.51 ± 0.62 (n = 393) | 0.724 | 0.323 | R > U S > U |
| Eat > 8 oz of meat/day | 3.46 ± 0.64 (n = 237) | 3.46 ± 0.61 (n = 288) | 3.50 ± 0.62 (n = 363) | 0.622 | 0.476 | |
| Eat regular processed foods | 3.13 ± 0.70 (n = 62) | 3.46 ± 0.57 (n = 265) | 3.52 ± 0.62 (n = 551) | <0.001 | 10.169 | R > U |
| Eat fried foods | 3.18 ± 0.72 (n = 44) | 3.42 ± 0.61 (n = 319) | 3.54 ± 0.61 (n = 525) | 0.002 | 6.170 | R > S, U S > U |
| Eat high fat snacks | 3.32 ± 0.70 (n = 143) | 3.49 ± 0.57 (n = 447) | 3.54 ± 0.63 (n = 298) | 0.003 | 5.914 | R > U S > U |
| Add butter or oil to foods | 3.39 ± 0.63 (n = 257) | 3.48 ± 0.59 (n = 337) | 3.55 ± 0.64 (n = 294) | 0.061 | 2.814 | |
| Eat sweets > 2×/day | 3.27 ± 0.67 (n = 140) | 3.49 ± 0.57 (n = 379) | 3.55 ± 0.63 (n = 369) | <0.001 | 11.250 | R > U S > U |
| Drink 16 oz or more soda/day | 3.15 ± 0.73 (n = 59) | 3.31 ± 0.71 (n = 99) | 3.53 ± 0.59 (n = 730) | <0.001 | 11.087 | R > S, U |
ANCOVA = analysis of variance.
All analyses controlled for sex, education, employment/student status, and chronic diseases.