Table 1.
Baseline characteristics for alive and deceased patients.
| Total (n = 609) | Alive (n = 481) | Deceased (n = 128) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Gender: male | 60.3% (367/609) | 58.6% (282/481) | 66.4% (85/128) | 0.110 |
| Age | 71 (IQR: 58–82) | 67 (IQR: 55.0–77.0) | 81 (IQR: 71.2–88.0) | 0.000 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 28.90 (IQR: 25.94–32.04) | 28.98 (IQR: 26.33–32.04) | 28.64 (IQR: 23.61–31.56) | 0.461 |
| Institucionalization | 10.3% (63/609) | 7.7% (37/481) | 20.3% (26/128) | 0.000 |
| Duration of hospitalization | 8 (IQR: 5–12) | 8 (IQR: 6–12) | 7 (IQR: 5–12) | 0.371 |
| ICU admission | 4.3% (26/609) | 1.0% (5/481) | 16.4% (21/128) | 0.000 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Charlson-Age Index | 3 (IQR: 2–5) | 3 (IQR: 1–4) | 5 (IQR: 4–6) | 0.000 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Nonsmokers | 72.5% (441/608) | 74.2% (357/481) | 66.1% (84/127) | 0.070 |
| Active smokers | 5.8% (35/608) | 6.0% (29/481) | 4.7% (6/127) | 0.575 |
| Previous smokers | 27.7% (132/608) | 19.8% (95/481) | 29.1% (37/127) | 0.022 |
| Hypertension | 55.0% (335/609) | 49.9% (240/481) | 74.2% (95/128) | 0.000 |
| Dyslipidemia | 43.5% (265/609) | 41.0% (197/481) | 53.1% (68/128) | 0.014 |
| Diabetes | 25.3% (154/609) | 22.5% (108/481) | 35.9% (46/128) | 0.002 |
| Chronic heart disease | 30.2% (184/609) | 24.9% (120/481) | 50.0% (64/128) | 0.000 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 14.4% (88/609) | 10.2% (49/481) | 30.5% (39/128) | 0.000 |
| Chronic lung disease | 23.6% (144/609) | 22.2% (107/481) | 28.9% (37/128) | 0.115 |
| History of any cancer | 15.8% (96/609) | 14.1% (68/481) | 21.9% (28/128) | 0.033 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 8.7% (53/609) | 7.9% (38/481) | 11.7% (15/128) | 0.173 |
| Any immunosuppressive condition | 8.5% (52/609) | 6.9% (33/481) | 14.8% (19/128) | 0.004 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 7.4% (45/609) | 4.8% (23/481) | 17.2% (22/128) | 0.000 |
| Dementia | 6.2% (38/609) | 5.0% (24/481) | 10.9% (14/128) | 0.013 |
| Chronic liver disease | 4.8% (29/609) | 5.0% (24/481) | 3.9% (5/128) | 0.609 |
| Connective disease | 2.6% (16/609) | 2.5% (12/481) | 3.1% (4/128) | 0.692 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 2.5%/15/609) | 2.1% (10/481) | 3.9% (5/128) | 0.236 |
| Previous treatments | ||||
| Previous ACEI/ARB | 38% (228/600) | 36% (170/472) | 45.3% (25/128) | 0.055 |
| Previous statins | 27.4% (167/609) | 27.0% (130/481) | 28.9% (37/128) | 0.672 |
| Previous anticoagulation | 15.6% (95/609) | 11.2% (54/481) | 32.0% (41/128) | 0.000 |
| Symptoms on admission | ||||
| High Temperature | 77.8% (474/609) | 78% (375/481) | 77.3% (99/128) | 0.881 |
| Cough | 70.6% (430/609) | 73.2% (352/481) | 60.9% (78/128) | 0.007 |
| Dyspnea | 66.8% (407/609) | 62.8% (302/481) | 82.0% (105/128) | 0.000 |
| Asthenia | 60.1% (366/609) | 64.7% (311/481) | 43% (55/128) | 0.000 |
| Arthralgia/myalgia | 31.4% (191/609) | 37.4% (180/481) | 8.6% (11/128) | 0.000 |
| Diarrhea | 21.5% (131/609) | 22.9% (110/481) | 16.4% (21/128) | 0.114 |
| Vomiting | 9.9% (60/609) | 10.2% (49/481) | 8.6% (11/128) | 0.591 |
| Dysgeusia/anosmia | 7.9% (48/609) | 9.6% (46/481) | 1.6% (2/128) | 0.003 |
| Vital signs on admission | ||||
| Tachypnea (<22 bpm) | 51.2% (310/605) | 45.7% (218/477) | 71.9% (92/128) | 0.000 |
| Blood oxygen saturation <92% | 37.4% (228/609) | 28.9% (139/481) | 69.5% (89/128) | 0.000 |
| Disorder of consciousness | 9.4% (57/609) | 5.6% (27/481) | 23.4% (30/128) | 0.000 |
| SBP<90 or/and DBP<60 mmHg | 7.1% (43/609) | 5.0% (24/481) | 14.8% (19/128) | 0.000 |
| q-SOFA≥2 | 7.1% (43/609) | 4.0% (19/481) | 18.8% (24/128) | 0.000 |
| Chest X-ray on admission | ||||
| Bilateral infiltration | 73.9% (447/605) | 72.2% (346/479) | 80.2% (101/126) | 0.071 |
| Unilateral infiltration | 14.7% (89/605) | 16.1% (77/479) | 9.5% (12/126) | 0.064 |
| No significant findings | 11.4% (69/605) | 11.7% (56/479) | 10.3% (13/126) | 0.667 |
| Laboratory findings on admission | ||||
| Serum albumin (g/L) | 34.4 (±4.03) | 35.0 (±3.82) | 32.3 (±4.11) | 0.000 |
| Albumin <34 g/dL | 43.8% (267/609) | 38.0% (183/481) | 65.6% (84/128) | 0.000 |
| Days from admission to albumin assesment | 1 (IQR: 1–1) | 2 (IQR: 1–3) | 1 (IQR: 1–2.75) | 0.258 |
| Days from symptoms onset to albumin assesment | 8 (IQR: 5–11) | 8 (IQR: 6–11) | 6 (IQT: 2–9) | 0.000 |
| Leucocyte count (/μL) | 6800 (IQR: 5100–8900) | 6700 (IQR: 5000–8600) | 7100 (IQR: 5500–10100) | 0.038 |
| Lymphocyte count(/μL) | 900 (IQR: 600–1200) | 900 (IQR: 700–1200) | 700 (IQR: 400–1000) | 0.000 |
| Lymphocytes ≤800/μL | 49.3% (300/608) | 44.2% (212/480) | 68.8% (88/128) | 0.000 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.8 (IQR: 12.4–15.0) | 13.9 (IQR: 12.9–15.0) | 13.0 (IQR: 12.0–15.8) | 0.000 |
| Platelet count (/μL) | 190,000 (IQR: 144000–247000) | 193,000 (IQR: 145000–249000) | 171,500 (IQR: 133000–222000) | 0.019 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 370 (IQR: 370–370) | 370 (IQR: 370–370) | 370(IQR: 370–370) | 0.868 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.93 (IQR: 0.78–1.2) | 0.88 (IQR: 0.76–1.11) | 1.2 (IQR: 0.87–1.63) | 0.000 |
| D-Dimer (ng/dL) | 0.79 (IQR: 0.54–0.79) | 0.74 (IQR: 0.52–1.15) | 1.38 (IQR: 0.70–3.54) | 0.000 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 98.7 (IQR: 42.7–166.4) | 90.3 (IQR: 38.3–154.0) | 137.0 (IQR: 70.2–206.9) | 0.000 |
| AST (U/L) | 35.0 (IQR: 24.0–52.8) | 36.0 (IQR: 25.0–52.0) | 33.5 (IQR: 20.0–58.3) | 0.546 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 651.0 (IQR: 251.0–1218.0) | 528.5 (IQR: 221.5–1170.0) | 812.0 (IQR: 332.5–1708.5) | 0.067 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 355.5 (IQR: 277.0–479.3) | 344.0 (IQR: 268.0–444.0) | 427 (IQR: 312.0–577.0) | 0.000 |
| High-sensitive troponin I (pg/mL) | 9.90 (IQR: 4.52–33.60) | 7.70 (IQR: 3.43–16.20) | 35.55 (IQR:12.25–140.15) | 0.000 |
ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin-receptor blocker. BMI: body mass index. BUN: blood urea nitrogen. hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein. q-SOFA: quick-Sequential Organ Failure score. SBP: systolic blood pressure. DBP: diastolic blood pressure.
Frequencies presented as % (n/total), medians followed by interquartile range (IQR).