Table 1.
General characteristics of studied patients with low and high EATV.
| Parameters | Overall | Low EATV (<112 mL) | High EATV (≥112 mL) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Numbers | 180 | 90 | 90 | |
| Age (years) | 68 ± 12 | 66 ± 12 | 70 ± 11 | 0.051 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 96 (53%) | 42 (47%) | 54 (60%) | 0.060 |
| Systolic blood pressure(mmHg) | 134 ± 21 | 134 ± 24 | 134 ± 17 | 0.956 |
| Diastolic blood pressure(mmHg) | 75 ± 13 | 74 ± 13 | 76 ± 13 | 0.417 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 70 ± 12 | 71 ± 13 | 70 ± 11 | 0.867 |
| ANTHROPOMETRY | ||||
| Body weight (kg) | 63 ± 15 | 59 ± 15 | 68 ± 14 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (Kg/m2) | 25 ± 5 | 24 ± 5 | 26 ± 4 | 0.001 |
| BLOOD MEASUREMENTS | ||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 196 ± 40 | 200 ± 40 | 191 ± 40 | 0.174 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 110 ± 32 | 111 ± 32 | 109 ± 32 | 0.788 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 61 ± 19 | 65 ± 20 | 58 ± 18 | 0.022 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 130 ± 66 | 116 ± 45 | 145 ± 82 | 0.008 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 120 ± 35 | 116 ± 35 | 125 ± 35 | 0.204 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.1 ± 0.8 | 6.0 ± 0.9 | 6.1 ± 0.7 | 0.317 |
| BNP (pmol/L) | 49 ± 52 | 59.1 ± 61.5 | 38.4 ± 37.8 | 0.034 |
| MEDICATIONS | ||||
| Antihypertensive medications, n (%) | 82 (46%) | 47 (52%) | 35 (39%) | 0.337 |
| Lipid lowering medications, n (%) | 45 (25%) | 24 (27%) | 21 (23%) | 0.866 |
| Antidiabetic medications, n (%) | 35 (19%) | 16 (18%) | 19 (21%) | 0.169 |
| COMORBIDITIES | ||||
| Smoking history, n (%) | 73 (41%) | 27 (30%) | 46 (51%) | 0.003 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 137 (76%) | 67 (74%) | 70 (78%) | 0.507 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 144 (80%) | 71 (79%) | 73 (81%) | 0.597 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 57 (32%) | 25 (28%) | 32 (36%) | 0.262 |
| Body mass index ≥25kg/m2, n (%) | 94 (52%) | 34 (38%) | 60 (67%) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 112 (62%) | 50 (56%) | 62 (69%) | 0.065 |
| EAT MEASUREMENTS | ||||
| EATV (mL) | 120 ± 53 | 77.6 ± 24.9 | 161.6 ± 37.5 | <0.001 |
| LV MEASURES | ||||
| Interventricular septum wall thickness (mm) | 9.0 ± 2.0 | 9.2 ± 2.6 | 8.7 ± 1.1 | 0.119 |
| LV posterior wall thickness (mm) | 8.6 ± 1.5 | 8.6 ± 1.7 | 8.6 ± 1.1 | 0.763 |
| LVDd (mm) | 46.0 ± 5.0 | 45.1 ± 5.7 | 47.0 ± 4.0 | 0.015 |
| LVDs (mm) | 28.6 ± 4.8 | 28.2 ± 5.2 | 29.1 ± 4.2 | 0.204 |
| LVEDV (mL) | 85.2 ± 23.2 | 81.6 ± 22.3 | 88.8 ± 23.7 | 0.040 |
| LVESV (mL) | 29.9 ± 10.3 | 28.7 ± 9.9 | 31.2 ± 10.6 | 0.109 |
| LVEF (%) | 65.2 ± 5.1 | 65.3 ± 4.9 | 65.1 ± 5.3 | 0.793 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 83.9 ± 23.1 | 86.6 ± 25.7 | 81.3 ± 19.9 | 0.131 |
| LV STRAIN | ||||
| GLS ≤18, GLS abnormality | 53 (29%) | 20 (22%) | 33 (37%) | 0.034 |
| Global longitudinal strain (%) | −19.1 ± 1.3 | −19.4 ± 1.2 | −18.8 ± 1.4 | 0.003 |
| Global circumferential strain (%) | −30.1 ± 6.2 | −30.6 ± 6.4 | −29.6 ± 6.0 | 0.322 |
| Global radial strain (%) | 27.2 ± 8.8 | 27.0 ± 8.3 | 27.4 ± 9.4 | 0.794 |
Values are presented as the mean ± SD or n (%). Statistical significance were tested by independent t-test or chi-square test. n indicates of numbers of patients; EATV, epicardial adipose tissue volume; LVDd, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVDs, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; GLS, global longitudinal strain.