Table 2.
General characteristics of studied patients with GLS >18 and GLS ≤18.
| Parameters | GLS >18 | GLS ≤18 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Numbers | 127 | 53 | |
| Age (years) | 66 ± 12 | 72 ± 10 | 0.008 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 64 (50%) | 32 (60%) | 0.175 |
| Systolic blood pressure(mmHg) | 135 ± 21 | 132 ± 20 | 0.390 |
| Diastolic blood pressure(mmHg) | 75 ± 14 | 74 ± 12 | 0.759 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 69 ± 12 | 72 ± 12 | 0.314 |
| ANTHROPOMETRY | |||
| Body weight (kg) | 63.4 ±15.2 | 63.2 ±14.0 | 0.937 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25 ± 5 | 25 ± 4 | 0.906 |
| BLOOD MEASUREMENTS | |||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 196 ± 38 | 195 ± 45 | 0.912 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 109 ± 30 | 111 ± 38 | 0.820 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 62 ± 19 | 61 ± 18 | 0.868 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 128 ± 66 | 134 ± 69 | 0.661 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 124 ± 38 | 110 ± 23 | 0.076 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.1 ± 0.9 | 6.0 ± 0.8 | 0.774 |
| BNP (pmol/L) | 45 ± 51 | 60 ± 55 | 0.173 |
| MEDICATIONS | |||
| Antihypertensive medications, n (%) | 64 (50%) | 18 (34%) | 0.352 |
| Lipid lowering medications, n (%) | 28 (22%) | 17 (32%) | 0.051 |
| Antidiabetic medications, n (%) | 27 (21%) | 8 (15%) | 0.846 |
| COMORBIDITIES | |||
| Smoking, n (%) | 52 (41%) | 21 (40%) | 0.299 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 94 (74%) | 43 (81%) | 0.139 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 102 (80%) | 42 (79%) | 0.299 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 46 (36%) | 11 (21%) | 0.042 |
| Body mass index ≥25kg/m2, n (%) | 64 (50%) | 30 (57%) | 0.375 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 67 (53%) | 45 (85%) | <0.001 |
| EAT MEASUREMENTS | |||
| EATV (mL) | 114 ± 49 | 133 ± 60 | 0.029 |
| EATV median ≥112 mL yes or no | 59 (47%) | 33(67%) | 0.053 |
| EATV cutoff ≥116 mL yes or no | 50 (39%) | 33(62%) | 0.005 |
| LV MEASURES | |||
| Interventricular septum wall thickness (mm) | 9.1 ± 2.3 | 8.7 ± 0.9 | 0.244 |
| LV posterior wall thickness (mm) | 8.6 ± 1.6 | 8.5 ± 0.9 | 0.647 |
| LVDd (mm) | 46.2 ± 5.2 | 45.5 ± 4.4 | 0.373 |
| LVDs (mm) | 28.9 ± 4.7 | 28.0 ± 4.8 | 0.287 |
| LVEDV (mL) | 85.3 ± 23.2 | 84.9 ± 23.4 | 0.931 |
| LVESV (mL) | 29.6 ± 9.9 | 30.6 ± 11.3 | 0.570 |
| LVEF (%) | 65.5 ± 4.8 | 64.4 ± 5.6 | 0.199 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 85.7 ± 24.2 | 79.5 ± 19.6 | 0.111 |
| LV STRAIN | |||
| Global longitudinal strain (%) | −19.8 ± 0.8 | −17.5 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Global circumferential strain (%) | −31.1 ± 6.0 | −27.9 ± 6.1 | 0.004 |
| Global radial strain (%) | 27.8 ± 8.8 | 25.8 ± 8.9 | 0.201 |
Values are presented as the mean ± SD or n (%). Statistical significance were tested by independent t-test or chi-square test. n indicates of numbers of patients; EATV, epicardial adipose tissue volume; LVDd, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVDs, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; GLS, global longitudinal strain.