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Comparing roles for hippocampal CA1 in the Memory Index theory (Top) and Cognitive Map theory (Bottom). In the Memory Index theory, the CA1 engram cells (red index cell) merely integrate upstream representations of an experience to serve as an index for retrieval of the experience. In the Cognitive Map theory, the indexing of the experience (red cell) occurs on a substratum that encodes space (blue place cells), providing a context-based anchor for episodic memories.
