Table 3.
Summary of observational studies.
| References | Design | N | PD parameters | ACVD parameters | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ajwani et al. (109) | Cohort | 364 | CPITN | Cardiovascular mortality | Periodontitis (CPITN code ≥3) with cardiovascular mortality (HR = 2.28) |
| Grau et al. (110) | C-C | 471 | AVL, CAL | Acute ischemic lesion on brain imaging | Severe periodontitis and stroke (OR = 4.34) |
| Sim et al. (111) | C-C | 479 | PPD, CAL | Stroke as a hemorrhagic or ischemic lesion using brain images taken by CT or MRI | Periodontitis and stroke (OR = 4) |
| Dietrich et al. (112) | Cohort | 1203 | AVL, PPD | MI, angina pectoris, and fatal CHD were considered as CHD events | Periodontitis and CHD (HR =2.12) |
| Jimenez et al. (113) | Cohort | 1137 | AVL, PPD | Cerebrovascular disease was defined as a cerebrovascular event consistent with stroke or transient ischemic attack | Periodontitis and cerebrovascular disease (HR= 3.52) |
| Xu and Lu (114) | Cohort | 10849 | PPD, CAL | Cardiovascular mortality | Periodontitis with cardiovascular mortality (HR = 1.64) |
| Hayashida et al. (115) | C-C | 1053 | PPD | Carotid intima media thickness, arterial stiffness (cardio-ankle vascular index) | Each 1-mm increase in mean PPD corresponded to a 0.02 mm increase in maximal carotid intima media thickness and 0.1 increase in mean cardio-ankle vascular index |
| Heaton et al. (116) | Cohort | 1461 | AVL | CHD events weredefined as MI, angina pectoris and fatal CHD | Progression of >0.5mm AVL associated IR of 5.4 and 2.5 for new and already diagnosed periodontitis subjects. |
| Vedin et al. (117) | Cohort | 15824 | Number of present teeth, BOP | Prior MI, prior coronary revascularization | Tooth loss and BoP associated with risk factors of cardiovascular disease |
| Ahn et al. (106) | C-S | 1343 | AVL, periodontitis (no, moderate, severe) | Subclinical atherosclerosis: carotid intima media thickness ≥0.754 mm, peripheral arterial disease: ankle-brachial index ≤1.0 | Severe periodontitis and subclinical atherosclerosis (OR = 1.55) Severe periodontitis and peripheral arterial disease (OR = 2.03) |
| Gorski et al. (118) | C-C | 289 | PPD, BoP, CAL, tooth loss | MI according to European Society of Cardiology guideline | Periodontitis and MI (OR = 2.4). |
| Hansen et al. (119) | Cohort | 17691 | Hospital diagnosis of periodontitis | Hospital diagnosis of cardiovascular disease | Periodontitis and cardiovascular disease death (IR= 2.02) |
| Rydén et al. (46) | C-C | 1610 | AVL, PPD, BoP | First MI according to international criteria (120) | Increased risk for first myocardial infarction with periodontitis (OR = 1.49) |
| Bengtsson et al. (121) | C-S | 499 | AVL, PPD, BoP | Carotid calcification in panoramic dental radiographs | Periodontitis and carotid calcifications (OR = 1.5) |
| Beukers et al. (13) | Cohort | 9730 | CPITN | Acute cardiovascular disease | Periodontitis and acute cardiovascular disease (OR = 2.52) |
| Nordendahl et al. (122) | C-C | 1577 | AVL, PPD, BoP | First MI according to international criteria (120) | Increased risk for first MI with periodontitis in females aged <65 years (OR = 3.72) |
| Sen et al. (123) | C-S | 17098 | 2017 classification (seven classes A-G) according to periodontal severity (A = periodontally healthy, G = severe periodontitis) | Subjects from atherosclerosis risk communities | Increased stroke risk with worse periodontal severity (IR = 5.03) |
C-C, case control; C-S, cross sectional; OR, odds ratio; HR, hazard ratio; IR, incident rate; PPD, probing pocket depth; CAL, clinical attachment loss; BoP, bleeding on probing; AVL, alveolar bone loss; CPITN, community periodontal index of treatment need; CHD, coronary heart disease; CT, computerized tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MI, myocardial infarction.