Table 4.
Selected studies that have demonstrated effects of periodontal therapy on cardiovascular risk markers.
| References | N | Study design | Cardiovascular risk markers | Intervention | Duration | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| López et al. (120) | 315 | RCT | TC, HDL, and LDL and glucose, CRP, and FGN | NSPT+ amoxicillin and metronidazole | 6 months | Only CRP and Fibrinogen ↓ |
| Bokhari et al. (127) | 246 | RCT | CRP, FGN and white blood cells. | NSPT | 2-months | All ↓ |
| Bresolin et al. (60) | 33 | Prospective clinical study | CRP, TC, VLDL, HDL, TGs, FGN, IL-6, and TNF-α | NSPT | 180 days | All ↓ except TNF-α |
| Vidal et al. (59) | 26 | Cohort pilot study | CRP, FGN, IL6, SBP, DBP, LVM, and PWV | NSPT | 3 months 6 months |
All ↓ after 6 months |
| Banthia et al. (128) | 40 | Clinical study | TLC, DLC and platelet count, BT and CT | NSPT | 2 weeks | All ↓ |
| Caúla et al. (36) | 66 | RCT | CRP, ESR, TC, HDL, LDL and TGs | NSPT | 2 months 6 months |
All ↓ except HDL ↑ |
| Kiany and Hedayati, 2015 (129) | 25 | RCT | IgM aCLA, IgG aCLA | NSPT | 6 weeks | All ↓ |
| Gupta et al. (130) | 150 | cross-sectional | CRP | SPT | 3 months | All ↓ |
| Graziani et al. (131) | 38 | RCT | CRP, IL6 and TNF-α | NSPT | 1 day 1 week 3 months |
All ↑ after 24 hrs. but ↓ after 1week and 3 months |
| Houckenet al. (132) | 109 | Case–control and pilot intervention | Pulse-wave velocity (PWV), SBP, DBP, TC, HDL, and LDL | NSPT | 3 months 6 months |
PWV not changed and the others ↓ |
| Torumtay et al. (133) | 50 | case–control | CRP, IL6, IL-10, TAC, TOS, FPG, HbA1c, TRG, TC, HDL, LDL, SBP and DBP | NSPT | 3 months 6 months |
All ↓ except HbA1c, SBP, DBP unchanged after 6 months. |
| Siddeshappa et al. (134) | 30 | clinical trial | TLC, platelet count | NSPT | 1 week and 2 weeks | All ↓ |
| Arvanitidis et al. (135) | 25 | clinical trial | Binding of PAC-1, P-selectin and CD63, TLC and platelet count | NSPT | 3 months | All ↓ |
| Zhou et al. (136) | 107 | RCT | SBP, DBP, EM, CRP, IL-6 | intensive periodontal treatment | 1 months 3 months 6 months |
SBP ↓ but DBP, EM, and CRP ↓ after 3 and 6 months but IL-6 ↓ only after 6 months |
| de Souza et al. (137) | 44 | RCT | CRP | NSPT | 60 days | All ↓ |
| Jockel-Schneider et al. (138) | 55 | RCT | PWV, PPao, RRsys, Aix, and MAP | NSPT + amoxicillin (500 mg) and metronidazole (400 mg), | 12 months | PWV ↓, PPao ↑ RRsys and MAP not changed |
| Saffi et al. (139) | 69 | RCT | FMD, sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, and P selectin | NSPT | 3 months | All ↓ except FMD |
| Morozumi et al. (140) | 31 | RCT | CRP, IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α | NSPT | 1 day 6 weeks |
All ↑ after 1 day After 6 weeks: CRP, IFN-γ and IL-6 ↓ IL-5, IL-12, TNF-α ↑ |
| Moeintaghavi et al. (141) | 30 | RCT | TC, LDL, HDL, TGs, CRP), and FBS. | SPT and NSPT | 3 months | All ↓ except HDL |
RCT, randomized clinical trial NSPT, non-surgical periodontal therapy; SPT, surgical periodontal therapy; TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; TGs, triglycerides; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; FGN, fibrinogen; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; LVM, left ventricular mass; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TOS, Total oxidant status; TLC, Total leucocyte count; DLC, differential leucocyte count; BT, bleeding time; CT, clotting time; EM, Endothelial Microparticles; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; PWV, pulse wave velocity; Aix, augmentation index; PPao, central pulse pressure; RRsys, peripheral systolic pressure; MAP, Mean arterial pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; FBS, Fasting Blood sugar. ↓ mean decrease, ↑ mean increase.