Table 2.

Criteria for identifying adult patients at risk for RFS

	NICE [48]		ASPEN 2020 [33]		Friedli 2018 [21]
	High risk in the presence of		Moderate risk: 2 risk criteria needed	Significant risk: 1 risk criteria needed	Low risk: 1 minor risk factor	High risk: 1 major or 2 minor risk factors	Very high risk
	One or more of the following:	Two or more of the following:			Minor risk factors	Major risk factors
BMI	< 16 kg/m2	< 18.5 kg/m2	16–18.5 kg/m2	< 16 kg/m2	< 18.5 kg/m2	< 16 kg/m2	< 14 kg/m2
Weight loss	> 15% within the last 3–6 months	> 10% within the last 3–6 months	5% in 1 month	7.5% in 3 months or > 10% in 6 months	> 10% within the last 3–6 months	> 15% within the last 3–6 months	> 20%
Caloric intake	Little or no nutritional intake > 10 days	Little or no nutritional intake > 5 days	None or negligible oral intake for 5–6 days OR  < 75% of estimated energy requirement for > 7 days during an acute illness or injury OR  < 75% of estimated energy requirement for > 1 month	None or negligible oral intake for > 7 days OR  < 50% of estimated energy requirement for > 5 days during an acute illness or injury OR  < 50% of estimated energy requirement for > 1 month	Little or no nutritional intake > 5 days	Little or no nutritional intake > 10 days	Starvation > 15 days
Prefeeding potassium, phosphate, or magnesium serum concentrations	Low levels		Minimally low levels or normal current levels and recent low levels necessitating minimal or single‐dose supplementation	Moderately/significantly low levels or minimally low or normal levels and recent low levels necessitating significant or multiple‐dose supplementation		Low levels
Loss of subcutaneous fat			Evidence of moderate loss	Evidence of severe loss
Loss of muscle mass			Evidence of mild or moderate loss	Evidence of severe loss
Higher‐risk comorbidities*		A history of alcohol abuse or drugs including insulin, chemotherapy, antacids, or diuretics	Moderate disease	Severe disease		A history of alcohol abuse or drugs including insulin, chemotherapy, antacids, or diuretics

BMI body mass index

^*Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Advanced neurologic impairment or general inability to communicate needs; Cancer; Chronic alcohol or drug use disorder; Dysphagia and esophageal dysmotility; Eating disorders; Food insecurity and homelessness; Failure to thrive, including physical and sexual abuse and victims of neglect; Hyperemesis gravidarum or protracted vomiting; Major stressors or surgery without nutrition for prolonged periods of time; Malabsorptive states (e.g., short‐bowel syndrome, Crohn’s disease, cystic fibrosis, pyloric stenosis, maldigestion, pancreatic insufficiency); Postbariatric surgery; Postoperative patients with complications; Prolonged fasting; Protein malnourishment; Refugees