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. 2021 Jan 28;11:2593. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82219-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Gavage with SP-A reduces ileal damage, TLR4 and IL-1β in SP-A^−/− mice in a neonatal mouse pup model of experimental NEC. (A) Assessment of ileal damage corresponding to NEC in WT and SP-A^−/− mouse pups. Pups were subjected to the NEC procedure as described in “Methods”. FF formula fed, FH formula-fed + hypoxia, FHS formula-fed + hypoxia + gavaged human SP-A. Shown are the numbers of pups with scores suggesting little damage (assessment < 2) or NEC-like damage (assessment ≥ 2) in each group. * indicates P < 0.05, from ≥ 3 litters. (B) Expression of TLR4 mRNA and proinflammatory cytokine mRNA isolated from the ileum of WT mice subjected to the NEC procedure and assessed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. Shown are levels of expression relative to FF levels (set as 1). * indicates P < 0.05, n ≥ 6 from ≥ 2 litters. (C) Expression of TLR4 mRNA and proinflammatory cytokine mRNA isolated from the ileum of SP-A^−/− mice subjected to the NEC procedure and assessed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. Shown are levels of expression relative to FF levels (set as 1). * indicates P < 0.05, n ≥ 6 from ≥ 2 litters. Figure created using SigmaPlot, ver 14, www.systatsoftware.com.