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. 2021 Jan 28;11:2507. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77543-8

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Muscle weakness and motor adaptation learning. (A) Subjects reached to the target required elbow extension (Elbow Ext = target positioned in the midline in front of the start circle) or elbow flexion (Elbow Flex = target positioned in the midline behind the start circle). (B) Rectified EMG activity in the biceps and triceps brachii in a representative SCI subject when the subject performed maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Note that SCI subjects showed higher MVC values quantified by EMG signals in biceps compared with triceps brachii. (C, D) Group data showing changes in direction errors at peak tangential arm velocity during reaching movements towards a target where the reaching movement required elbow extension (red) or flexion (blue). (E, F) Group data showing learning rate (E) and mean learning index (F) during elbow extension and elbow flexion. Error bars indicate SDs. *p < 0.05.