Table 1.
Post-estimation pairwise comparisons of several linear and volumetric measurements among populations after controlling for sex and size in a generalized least squares model.
| Trait | Sex-corrected size-adjusted least squares means | Percent differences | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domesticated | Unselected | Wild | D-U | D-W | U-W | |
| Zygomatic width | 7.34 (7.26, 7.42) | 7.41 (7.32, 7.51) | 7.31 (7.21, 7.40) | − 1.05% (− 3.7, 1.5) | 0.40% (− 2.3, 3.1) | 1.45% (− 1.4, 4.3) |
| Cranial vault width | 4.86 (4.79, 4.92) | 4.83 (4.76, 4.90) | 5.20 (5.13, 5.28) | 0.56% (− 2.5, 3.5) | − 6.87% (− 10.0, − 3.8) | − 7.70% (− 11.2, − 4.3) |
| Upper jaw width | 4.44 (4.39, 4.49) | 4.48 (4.42, 4.54) | 4.46 (4.40, 4.53) | − 0.81% (− 3.6, 1.9) | − 0.51% (− 3.4, 2.3) | 0.30% (− 2.8, 3.3) |
| Total skull length | 15.10 (15.04, 15.15) | 15.17 (15.10, 15.24) | 15.01 (14.94, 15.08) | − 0.49% (− 1.4, 0.4) | 0.57% (− 0.4, 1.5) | 1.06% (0.0, 2.1) |
| Snout length | 7.81 (7.77, 7.85) | 7.78 (7.73, 7.82) | 7.94 (7.89, 7.99) | 0.47% (− 0.7, 1.7) | − 1.6% (− 2.9, − 0.4) | − 2.09% (− 3.5, − 0.7) |
| Cranial vault height | 4.75 (4.70, 4.80) | 4.75 (4.70, 4.81) | 4.81 (4.75, 4.86) | − 0.05% (− 2.4, 2.3) | − 1.21% (− 3.7, 1.2) | − 1.16% (− 3.8, 1.4) |
| Endocranial volume | 0.38 (0.37, 0.38) | 0.38 (0.37, 0.38) | 0.41 (0.40, 0.41) | 0.23% (− 2.2, 2.6) | − 6.93% (− 9.4, − 4.5) | − 7.41% (− 10.2, − 4.7) |
Least squares means are presented with 95% confidence intervals. Differences between populations are shown as percentage differences with 95% confidence intervals. D-U: difference between domesticated and unselected populations. D-W: difference between domesticated and wild populations. U-W: difference between unselected and wild populations. Differences shown in bold are those that are statistically significant (p < 0.05) after adjustment for family-wise error using the sequential Bonferroni method.