Table 2.
Univariate analysis of the association between risk factor (contextual and individual factors, and covariates) and diabetes
| Diabetes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Follow-up | ||
| Yes/Total (%) | Yes/Total (%) | ORunadj (95% CI) | |
| Quadrant | |||
| South West | 134/1522 (8.80%) | 105/837 (12.54%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| South East | 159/1756 (9.01%) | 116/996 (11.65%) | 1.03 (0.81–1.30) |
| North East | 260/2368 (10.98%) | 169/1377 (12.27%) | 1.28 (1.03–1.59) |
| North West | 206/2495 (8.26%) | 140/1451 (9.65%) | 0.93 (0.74–1.17) |
| Location of home | |||
| Non-farm | 514/4694 (10.94%) | 360/2700 (13.33%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Farm | 243/3406 (7.13%) | 178/2060 (8.64%) | 0.62 (0.55–0.71) |
| Family structure | |||
| # of people | |||
| = < 2 people | 635/5740 (11.06%) | 473/ 3756(12.59%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| > 2 people | 124/2410 (5.15%) | 56/981 (5.71%) | 0.42 (0.36–0.49) |
| Age of the participants | |||
| 18–45 years | 50/1932 (2.59%) | 17/642 (2.56%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 46–55 years | 137/2036 (6.73%) | 67/968 (6.92%) | 2.73 (2.06–3.61) |
| 56–65 years | 214/1932 (11.08%) | 137/1813 (10.08%) | 4.47 (3.42–5.83) |
| >65 years | 3,582,251 (15.9%) | 319/1813 (17.6%) | 7.48 (5.79–9.66) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 341/4146 (8.22%) | 235/2464 (9.54%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Male | 418/4006 (10.43%) | 305/2317 (13.16%) | 1.35 (1.21–1.52) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married/Common law/living together | 614/6716 (9.14) | 435/4050 (10.74%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Widowed/Divorced/separated/Single, never married | 139/1409 (9.87) | 103/720 (14.31%) | 1.19 (1.02–1.38) |
| Education level | |||
| Less than high school | 301/2096 (14.55%) | 208/1107 (18.79) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Completed high school | 240/2788 (8.61%) | 157/1584 (9.91%) | 0.52 (0.45–0.60) |
| Completed university | 49/935 (5.24%) | 49/611 (8.02%) | 0.35 (0.28–0.44) |
| Completed post-secondary education other than above | 158/2268 (6.97%) | 119/1414 (8.42%) | 0.42 (0.37–0.51) |
| Income adequacy | |||
| > = $60,000 | 212/3457 (6.13%) | 170/2247 (7.57%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| $40,000 to $59,999 | 154/1492 (10.32%) | 108/830 (13.01%) | 1.77 (1.50–2.09) |
| $20,000 to $39,999 | 183/1392 (13.15%) | 120/724 (16.57%) | 2.33 (1.98–2.73) |
| <$20,000 | 107/624 (17.15%) | 56/279 (20.07%) | 3.07 (2.52–3.74) |
| Exposure | |||
| Insecticide | |||
| No | 374/4410 (8.48%) | 219/2213 (9.9%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 356/3601 (9.89%) | 299/2429 (12.31%) | 1.24 (1.10–1.39) |
| Pesticide | |||
| No | 585/6354 (9.21%) | 433/3748 (11.55%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 166/1702 (9.75%) | 95/965 (9.84%) | 0.97 (0.84–1.12) |
| Fungicide | |||
| No | 460/5388 (8.54%) | 266/2763 (9.63%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 270/2623 (10.29%) | 247/1847 (13.37%) | 1.34 (1.19–1.51) |
| Herbicide | |||
| No | 336/3957 (8.49%) | 200/1951 (10.25%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 394/ 4054 (9.72%) | 318/2689 (11.83%) | 1.18 (1.05–1.33) |
| Livestock | |||
| No | 327/3900 (8.38%) | 193/1879 (10.27%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 403/4111 (9.80%) | 327/2776 (11.78%) | 1.21 (1.07–1.35) |
| Household smoke | |||
| No | 638/6887 (9.26%) | 489/4290 (11.4%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 118/1226 (9.62%) | 51/492 (10.37%) | 0.97 (0.82–1.15) |
| Family history | |||
| Dad diabetic | |||
| No | 464/6269 (7.40%) | 248/2929 (8.47%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 187/1153 (16.22%) | 149/792 (18.81%) | 2.49 (2.16–2.86) |
| Mom diabetic | |||
| No | 433/6386 (6.78%) | 252/3040 (8.29%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 238/1164 (20.45%) | 185/817 (22.64%) | 3.46 (3.03–3.96) |
| Siblings diabetic | |||
| No | 349/5827 (5.99%) | 188/2620 (7.18%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 242/1063 (22.77%) | 214/876 (24.43%) | 4.52 (3.95–5.19) |
| Behavioural risk & protective factor | |||
| BMI | |||
| Normal (BMI < 25) | 103/2318 (4.44%) | 75/1349 (5.56%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Overweight (BMI 25–30) | 236/3160 (7.47%) | 163/1860 (8.76%) | 1.69 (1.41–2.03) |
| Obese (BMI >30) | 371/2268 (16.36%) | 259/1324 (19.56%) | 4.12 (3.50–4.96) |
| Exercise duration/session | |||
| None | 372/3381 (11.0%) | 286/2152 (13.29%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Less than 15 min | 63/449 (14.03%) | 47/324 (14.51%) | 1.22 (0.99–1.53) |
| 15–30 min | 196/2123 (9.23%) | 126/1181 (10.67%) | 0.8 (0.69–0.92) |
| 31–60 min | 75/1403 (5.35%) | 41/727 (5.64%) | 0.43 (0.34–0.52) |
| More than 60 min | 25/468 (5.34%) | 14/177 (7.91%) | 0.48 (0.34–0.67) |
| Smoking | |||
| Never Smoker | 306/4283 (7.14%) | 231/2508 (9.21%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Ex-smoker | 363/2890 (12.56%) | 259/1818 (14.25%) | 1.77 (1.57–2.01) |
| Current smoker | 85/951 (8.94%) | 45/436 (10.32%) | 1.2 (0.98–1.47) |
| Screen time/ past three months | |||
| None | 10/150 (6.67%) | 6/113 (5.31%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Less than 1 h | 23/188 (12.23%) | 16/123 (13.01%) | 2.21 (1.20–4.06) |
| From 1 to 2 h | 62/734 (8.45%) | 42/433 (9.70%) | 1.51 (0.88–2.6) |
| From 3 to 5 h | 171/1784 (9.59%) | 126/1050 (12.0%) | 1.81 (1.07–3.04) |
| From 6 to 10 h | 135/1749 (7.72%) | 94/1057 (8.89%) | 1.37 (0.81–2.31) |
| From 11 to 14 h | 85/1132 (7.51%) | 64/628 (10.19%) | 1.43 (0.84–2.43) |
| From 15 to 20 h | 105/1168 (8.99%) | 70/657 (10.65%) | 1.64 (0.96–2.78) |
| More than 20 h | 164/1204 (13.62%) | 119/675 (17.63%) | 2.74 (1.62–4.61) |
| Alcohol consumption / 12 month | |||
| Never | 209/1451 (14.4%) | 130/826 (15.74%) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Less than once a month | 207/1717 (12.06%) | 139/971 (14.32%) | 0.84 (0.72–0.99) |
| Once a month | 72/737 (9.77%) | 49/394 (12.44%) | 0.68 (0.55–0.85) |
| 2 to 3 times a month | 97/1463 (6.75%) | 91/833 (10.92%) | 0.52 (0.43–0.62) |
| Once a week | 57/909 (6.27%) | 31/494 (6.28%) | 0.38 (0.29–0.49) |
| 2 to 3 times a week | 44/1031 (4.27%) | 49/645 (7.6%) | 0.34 (0.26–0.43) |
| 4 to 6 times a week | 41/538 (7.62%) | 26/373 (6.97%) | 0.45 (0.34–0.59) |
| Every day | 32/317 (10.09%) | 22/233 (9.44%) | 0.62 (0.46–0.84) |
**Significant at the P value < 0.20 (marked as bold)