Table 5.
Cox regression analysis of diabetes during four years of follow-up according to a set of baseline characteristics (N = 4330)
| Crude HR (95% CI) |
Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Residence type | ||
| Non-farm | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Farm | 0.93 (0.64–1.34) | |
| Quadrant | ||
| South west | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| South east | 0.77 (0.45–1.33) | 0.71 (0.32–1.55) |
| North east | 0.74 (0.45–1.23) | 0.43 (0.19–0.95) |
| North west | 0.67 (0.40–1.13) | 0.36 (0.15–0.83) |
| People living at home | ||
| <= 2 people | 1.00 (ref) | |
| > 2 people | 1.88 (1.16–3.07) | |
| Age of the participants | ||
| 18–45 years | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 46–55 years | 3.73 (1.55–8.98) | 2.48 (0.80–7.64) |
| > = 56 years | 5.55 (2.41–12.79) | 2.45 (0.79–7.65) |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Male | 1.76 (1.22–2.54) | 1.59 (0.73–3.50) |
| Marital Status | ||
| Married/Common law/living together | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Widowed/Divorced/separated/Single, never married | 1.18 (0.73–1.92) | |
| Education level | ||
| Less than high school | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Completed high school | 0.59 (0.38–0.91) | 0.48 (0.24–0.98) |
| Completed university | 0.53 (0.28–1.00) | 0.85 (0.36–2.03) |
| Completed post-secondary education other than above | 0.38 (0.23–0.64) | 0.60 (0.27–1.33) |
| Income adequacy | ||
| > = $60,000 | 1.00 (ref) | |
| $40,000 to $59,999 | 1.28 (0.78–2.12) | |
| $20,000 to $39,999 | 1.55 (0.94–2.54) | |
| <$20,000 | 1.84 (0.93–3.66) | |
| Exposure | ||
| Insecticide | ||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 1.4 (0.98–2.02) | |
| Pesticide | ||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 1.38 (0.92–2.06) | |
| Fungicide | ||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 1.59 (1.18–2.29) | |
| Herbicide | ||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 1.48 (1.03–2.14) | |
| Livestock | ||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 1.11 (0.78–1.59) | |
| Household smoke | ||
| Yes | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 1.32 (0.81–2.15) | |
| Family History | ||
| Dad diabetic | ||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 1.67 (1.04–2.68) | 2.16 (1.09–4.27) |
| Mom diabetic | ||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 1.73 (1.08–2.76) | |
| Siblings diabetic | ||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 2.88 (1.88–4.42) | 1.97 (1.04–3.75) |
| Behavioural Risk & Protective Factor | ||
| BMI | ||
| Normal (BMI < 25) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Overweight (BMI 25–30) | 3.66 (1.72–7.77) | 3.32 (0.94–11.70) |
| Obese (BMI >30) | 7.28 (3.48–15.25) | 7.06 (2.02–24.65) |
| Exercise duration | ||
| None | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Less than 15 min | 1.31 (0.72–2.37) | |
| 15–30 min | 0.60 (0.39–0.94) | |
| 31–60 min | 0.21 (0.09–0.49) | |
| More than 60 min | 0.37 (0.11–1.14) | |
| Smoking | ||
| Never Smoker | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Ever smoker | 1.18 (0.82–1.69) | |
| Alcohol consumption/ 12 month | ||
| Never | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Less than once a month | 1.41 (0.80–2.47) | |
| Once a month | 0.89 (0.40–1.97) | |
| 2 to 3 times a month | 1.34 (0.74–2.42) | |
| Once a week | 0.48 (0.19–1.20) | |
| 2 to 3 times a week | 0.83 (0.41–1.69) | |
| 4 to 6 times a week | 0.50 (0.17–1.49) | |
| Every day | 0.78 (0.28–2.23) | |
| Comorbidity | ||
| Cardiovascular | ||
| Heart disease | ||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 3.22 (1.99–5.25) | |
| Heart attack | ||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 3.42 (1.87–6.28) | |
| High blood pressure | ||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 2.62 (1.82–3.78) | |
| Stroke | ||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 1.90 (0.69–5.25) | |
| Respiratory | ||
| Chronic bronchitis | ||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 2.15 (0.78–5.92) | |
| Emphysema | ||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 4.10 (1.47–11.42) | |
| Asthma | ||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 2.02 (1.22–3.36) | |
| COPD | ||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 3.39 (1.56–7.36) | |
| Cancer | ||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 1.67 (0.97–2.86) | |
| Sleep apnea | ||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 2.84 (1.68–4.79) | 2.24 (1.04–4.84) |
| Other | ||
| Snore | ||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 2.17 (1.29–3.64) | |
| Epworth Sleepiness Score | ||
| Normal | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Abnormal | 2.24 (1.46–3.42) | 1.91 (1.03–3.53) |
| General health | ||
| Excellent | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Very good | 1.74 (0.61–4.97) | |
| Good | 3.37 (1.22–9.34) | |
| Fair | 7.67 (2.69–21.90) | |
| Poor | 6.33 (1.57–25.50) | |
| Interaction | ||
| Sex X Age | ||
| Male#46–55 years | 10.03 (0.92–104.44) | |
| Male# > =56 years | 8.21 (0.83–81.52) | |
**Crude HR: Significant at the P value < 0.20 (marked as bold)
**Adjusted HR: Significant at the P value < 0.05 (marked as bold)