Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Authors (Ref) | Publication year | Sample size (control/ intervention) |
Country/population | Intervention (name and daily dose) | Duration | Age (y) (control vs. intervention) |
Presented data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barden et al. [17] | 2006 | 43/40 | Australia/ Pregnant women with allergic disease |
4 g/d fish oil (56% DHA + 27.7% EPA) |
≈ 16 weeks (20 wk until delivery) |
32.4 ± 3.27, 31.0 ± 3.7 | TC, LDL-C, HDL-C |
| Helland et al. [24] | 2006 | 154/160 | Norway/ Pregnant women | 10 ml/d cod liver oil (1183 mg DHA + 803 mg EPA) |
17 weeks (18 wk until 35) |
19–35 | TG, TC, HDL-C, TC/HDL-C |
| Franke et al. [18] | 2010 | 59/57 | Germany/ Pregnant women | Modified fish oil in form of milk-based supplements (500 mg DHA + 150 mg EPA) |
≈ 20 weeks (20 wk until delivery) |
31.4 ± 4.7, 30.8 ± 4.8 | TG, TC, MDA |
| Haghiac et al. [15] | 2015 | 24/25 | USA/ Overweight or obese pregnant women | 2 g/d fish oil (800 mg DHA + 1200 mg EPA) | 25 weeks (before 16 wk until delivery) | 27 ± 5 | FPG, insulin, CRP, IL-6, IL-8 |
| Samimi et al. [25] | 2015 | 28/28 | Iran/ Pregnant women with GDM | 1 g/d fish oil (120 mg DHA + 180 mg EPA) |
6 weeks (24–28 wk until 6 wk later) |
30.3 ± 5.5, 29.8 ± 5 |
FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR, TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TC/HDL-C |
| Faraji et al. [26] | 2016 | 47/45 | Iran/ Pregnant women with GDM | 1 g/d fish oil (120 mg DHA + 180 mg EPA) |
≈ 20 weeks (21 wk until delivery) |
27.3 ± 4.2, 25.6 ± 4.7 | TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C |
| Jamilian et al. [16] | 2016 | 27/27 | Iran/ Pregnant women with GDM | 1 g/d fish oil (120 mg DHA + 180 mg EPA) |
6 weeks (24–28 wk until 6 wk later) |
30.0 ± 5.5, 30.1 ± 5.3 | CRP, MDA |
| Jamilian et al. [27] | 2017 | 35/35 | Iran/ Pregnant women with GDM | 2 g/d fish oil (240 mg DHA + 360 mg EPA) |
6 weeks (24–28 wk until 6 wk later) |
30.7 ± 4.1, 30.7 ± 3.5 | FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR, TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TC/HDL-C |
| Razavi et al. [28] | 2017 | 30/30 | Iran/ Pregnant women with GDM | 2 g/d fish oil (240 mg DHA + 360 mg EPA) |
6 weeks (24–28 wk until 6 wk later) |
29.2 ± 3.4, 29.7 ± 3.6 | CRP, MDA |
| Jamilian et al. [29] | 2018 | 20/20 | Iran/ Pregnant women with GDM | 2 g/d fish oil (240 mg DHA + 360 mg EPA) |
6 weeks (24–28 wk until 6 wk later) |
30.8 ± 2.4, 30.5 ± 3.8 |
FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C CRP |
| Kajarabille et al. [30] | 2018 | 46/44 | Spain/ Pregnant women | Fish oil enriched dairy drink (320 mg DHA + 72 mg EPA) |
≈ 12 weeks (28 wk until delivery) |
29.9 ± 4.7, 30.5 ± 4.8 | Insulin, IL-6 |
| Mozurkewich et al. (a) [31] | 2018 | 20/37 | New Mexico/ Pregnant women at risk for depression |
EPA-rich fish oil (1060 mg EPA + 274 mg DHA) |
minimum: 14 weeks (between 12–20 wk and 34–36 wk) | 18–40 | IL-6, IL-8 |
| Mozurkewich et al. (b) [31] | 2018 | 20/36 | New Mexico/ Pregnant women at risk for depression |
DHA-rich fish oil (900 mg DHA + 180 mg EPA) |
minimum: 14 weeks (between 12–20 wk and 34–36 wk) | 18–40 | IL-6, IL-8 |
| Vahedi et al. [32] | 2018 | 75/75 | Iran/ Pregnant women |
1 g fish oil (120 mg DHA + 180 mg EPA) |
20 weeks (6–10 wk until 26–30) |
26.9 ± 4.5, 25.9 ± 4.8 | FPG |
| Pellonpera et al. [33] | 2019 | 91/90 | Finland/ Overweight and obese pregnant women | Fish oil containing 2.4 g W3 (1900 mg DHA + 220 mg EPA) |
≈ 21 weeks (14 wk until 35) |
30.4 ± 4.1, 30.4 ± 4.8 | FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR |
HOMA IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, HDL cholesterol; LDL-C, LDL cholesterol; CRP, C-Reactive Protein; NO, nitric oxide; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; GSH, glutathione; MDA, malondialdehyde; TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor α; IL, interleukin