Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of participants and scores on the DTSQ questionnaire; data are presented as mean values (standard deviation)
| N = 24 | Baseline | Post-treatment | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, male/female | 16/8 | ||
| CSII/MDI | 4/20 | ||
| Patients below C-peptide sensitivity | 12 | ||
| Age | 54.2 (13.4) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 (2.9) | 23.4 (2.9) | 0.002 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.77 (0.97) | 7.40 (0.86) | 0.013 |
| BG (mg/dl) | 165.4 (61.5) | 153.6 (46.9) | 0.464 |
| C-peptide (ng/ml) | 0.27 (0.40) | 0.27 (0.41) | 0.976 |
| Scores on the questionnaire | |||
| Satisfied with the current treatment | 0.88 (0.80) | 1.04 (0.81) | 0.496 |
| Convenience of treatment | 0.21 (0.51) | 0.83 (1.09) | 0.017 |
| Flexibility of treatment | 0.08 (0.28) | 0.42 (0.83) | 0.083 |
| Willingness to recommend treatment to someone else | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.92 (1.32) | 0.005 |
| Satisfied to continue the present form of treatment | 0.08 (0.28) | 0.96 (0.91) | < 0.001 |
| Average score for each question (per patient) | 0.25 (0.25) | 0.83 (0.77) | 0.004 |
| Improved frequency of hyperglycemia | 0.0 (0.29) | 0.83 (1.04) | 0.003 |
| Improved frequency of hypoglycemia | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.16 (0.96) | 0.376 |
| Glycemic variability obtained from FGM (N = 22) | |||
| Mean (mg/dl) | 172.3 (26.9) | 155.4 (29.5) | < 0.001 |
| SD (mg/dl) | 73.7 (12.8) | 66.7 (13.3) | < 0.001 |
| MAGE (mg/dl) | 175.2 (32.8) | 156.9 (34.4) | < 0.001 |
| TIR (70–180 mg/dl) (%) | 51.2 (10.8) | 58.0 (12.5) | 0.010 |
| TAR (> 180 mg/dl) (%) | 41.2 (14.3) | 32.3 (15.5) | 0.007 |
| TBR (< 70 mg/dl) (%) | 7.6 (7.5) | 9.7 (9.1) | 0.074 |
| Glucose level of < 54 mg/dl or < 3.0 mmol/l | 3.4 (4.7) | 4.2 (5.4) | 0.138 |
| Insulin | |||
| Total insulin (unit/day) | 39.1 (12.9) | 34.3 (12.5) | 0.013 |
| Bolus insulin (unit/day) | 25.4 (9.0) | 22.0 (9.1) | 0.030 |
| Basal insulin (unit/day) | 14.7 (7.0) | 13.8 (7.2) | 0.084 |
| Side effects (number [%]) | |||
| Severe hypoglycemia that needs help from others | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Diabetic ketoacidosis | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Urinary tract infections/genital mycotic infections | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Positive urinary ketone body | 1 (4.2) | ||
| Frequent urination | 5 (20.8) | ||
| Poor physical condition | 3 (12.5) | ||
SGLT2 Sodium glucose co-transporter 2, CSII continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, MDI multiple daily injections, BMI body mass index, BG blood glucose, FGM flash glucose monitoring, TIR time in range, TAR times above range, TBR times below range, SD standard deviation, MAGE mean amplitude of glycemic excursions