Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics
| Ipragliflozin, n = 15 | Metformin, n = 14 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
| Age (years) | 68.7 ± 2.4 | 69.4 ± 2.9 | 0.483 |
| Male, n (%) | 7 (46.7) | 7 (50.0) | 0.858 |
| Body weight (kg) | 67.6 ± 10.6 | 70.1 ± 9.2 | 0.507 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8 ± 3.8 | 27.1 ± 3.9 | 0.842 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.5 ± 9.6 | 93.2 ± 8.9 | 0.837 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 8.0 ± 5.1 | 7.5 ± 6.2 | 0.847 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.9 ± 0.7 | 8.0 ± 0.9 | 0.744 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 171.9 ± 38.6 | 166.5 ± 30.5 | 0.688 |
| Fasting insulin (μU/ml) | 13.0 ± 12.7 | 10.0 ± 4.4 | 0.872 |
| HOMA2-beta | 39.2 ± 22.3 | 34.8 ± 13.9 | 0.890 |
| HOMA2-R | 2.0 ± 2.0 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 0.818 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 187.5 ± 33.0 | 183.4 ± 34.8 | 0.753 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 126.8 ± 37.9 | 129.6 ± 69.8 | 0.629 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 110.5 ± 27.4 | 102.7 ± 23.8 | 0.429 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 50.0 ± 12.4 | 51.6 ± 7.2 | 0.867 |
| Non-HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 136.5 ± 26.5 | 132.5 ± 32.3 | 0.721 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 139.5 ± 15.4 | 136.1 ± 18.2 | 0.591 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80.9 ± 7.7 | 74.6 ± 9.8 | 0.065 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 4.8 ± 1.2 | 4.8 ± 1.2 | 0.965 |
| Adiponectin (μg/ml) | 8.7 ± 5.8 | 8.1 ± 3.8 | 0.731 |
| hs-CRP (mg/dl) | 0.14 ± 0.13 | 0.15 ± 0.11 | 0.854 |
| Visceral fat area (cm2) | 163.2 ± 66.3 | 158.9 ± 55.0 | 0.856 |
| Subcutaneous fat area (cm2) | 169.5 ± 65.2 | 186.3 ± 66.4 | 0.512 |
| Total fat area (cm2) | 332.7 ± 106.2 | 345.3 ± 96.0 | 0.749 |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 28.7 ± 9.9 | 28.1 ± 11.6 | 0.882 |
| BAP (µg/l) | 15.6 ± 5.6 | 13.7 ± 4.0 | 0.490 |
| TRACP-5b (mU/dl) | 350.6 ± 130.2 | 376.5 ± 112.1 | 0.534 |
| Bone density in fourth lumbar vertebra (HU) | 219.1 ± 49.8 | 194.6 ± 62.8 | 0.252 |
| Abdominal muscle area (cm2) | 236.8 ± 61.5 | 233.3 ± 63.4 | 0.884 |
| Visceral fat area/body weight (cm2/kg) | 2.41 ± 0.73 | 2.25 ± 0.68 | 0.566 |
| Visceral adiposity index | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 2.3 ± 1.4 | 0.863 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 6 (40) | 5 (35.7) | 0.812 |
| Complications | |||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 14 (93.3) | 9 (64.3) | 0.054 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 11 (73.3) | 12 (85.7) | 0.411 |
| Hyperuricemia, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | NA |
| Diabetic retinopathy, n (%) | 1 (6.7) | 1 (7.1) | 0.629 |
| Diabetic nephropathy, n (%) | 7 (46.7) | 7 (50.0) | 0.617 |
| Diabetic neuropathy, n (%) | 2 (13.3) | 3 (21.4) | 0.629 |
| Medication | |||
| Blood pressure lowering, n (%) | 14 (93.3) | 8 (57.1) | 0.023 |
| Lipid lowering, n (%) | 9 (60.0) | 8 (57.1) | 0.876 |
Data are presented as the mean ± SD or n (%) unless otherwise indicated
SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HOMA2 homeostasis model assessment 2, LDL-cholesterol low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, BAP bone alkali phosphatase, TRACP-5b tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5, NA not available