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. 2021 Jan 28;12:658. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-20948-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a The time-course of fluorescent intensity of FITC-dextran transported to the receiver chamber through the naked PMN (black) and the PAMPS-modified PMN (red) at 3 mA/cm² (N = 3 independent experiments; mean ± SD). b The transport rate of FITC-dextran at 3 mA/cm² as a function of AMPS concentration for modification of PAMPS (N = 3 independent experiments; mean ± SD). c Schematic illustration of the sieving effect of the pore-filling PAMPS for larger molecules. d Cross-sectional fluorescence images of pig skins after the transdermal application of 0.5 mA/cm² for 30 min without a PMN (left), with a naked PMN (center) and with a PAMPS-modified PMN (0.05 M AMPS) (right) (N = 3 independent experiments for each sample).