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. 2021 Jan 28;12:658. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-20948-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Illustration of series-connected enzymatic biobatteries (fructose/O₂ biobattery) for driving transdermal EOF through the PMN. b The current–voltage and power–voltage characteristics of the biobatteries on a cotton cloth containing physiological saline and 0.2 M D-fructose. c The typical time-course of the transdermal current generated through a piece of pig skin by the biobattery with (red) and without (black) PMN. d Illustration of the FDH-anode on a pig skin combined with a PAMPS-modified PMN (0.05 M AMPS) and cotton containing 0.2 M fructose and 0.75 mg/mL FITC-dextran. The representative cross-sectional fluorescent image was taken after a 1 h application of the power of the biobattery (N = 3 independent experiments for each sample). e Illustration of the BOD-cathode on a pig skin combined with a PAMPS-filled PMN (1.5 M AMPS) and a plain cotton receiver. The concentration of glucose extracted with (red bar) and without (black bar) the application of power of biobattery for 1 h (N = 3 independent experiments; mean ± SD).