Fig. 6. Micro/nanodevices and structures for treatment in stomatology.

a Schematic showing a nanoantibiotic platform based on TC-PCM@GNC-PND (tetracycline (TC)–phase-change material (PCM) @ gold nanocage (GNC)–poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PND)) with synergistic antibacterial effects⁷⁴. b Local drug administration from microneedles combined with NIR for better and further target penetration, resulting in little damage, no swelling, and fast recovery⁷⁸. c Nano- and microstructures with nanoscale hydroxyapatite (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂, HA) prepared by the microarc oxidation (MAO) technique for improved osteoconductivity/osteoinductivity and increased protein adsorption, angiogenesis, and bone bonding⁸¹. d Aligned TiO₂ nanopores on a Ti substrate with preserved roughness to selectively regulate the proliferation and arrangement of specific cells. Top view schematic of spreading of various cells (i.e., osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and macrophages) on (i) bare Ti and (ii) aligned TiO₂ nanopores¹⁸