Table 1.

Associations of loneliness or worsened loneliness since COVID-19 outbreak (independent variables) with any mental health problem or worsened mental health problem since outbreak (dependent variables) among older adults (aged 50+ years old) in Europe (interviewed June–August 2020) estimated by multivariable logistic regression

	OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value
	Any depressed mood			Worsened depressed mood
Loneliness
Absent	1			1
Present	4.37	3.91, 4.89	<0.001	0.99a	0.83, 1.18	0.890
Worsened loneliness
Absent	1			1
Present	2.23b	1.90, 2.62	<0.001	10.11c	8.06, 12.7	<0.001

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

All models adjusted for country, gender, age, marital/partnership status, employment status, income, financial strain, self-rated health, and anyone close to the respondent having died due to Covid-19.

^aThe sample was restricted to individuals reporting any depressed mood (N = 13 099).

^bThe sample was restricted to individuals reporting loneliness (N = 14 393).

^cThe sample was restricted to individuals reporting loneliness and any depressed mood (N = 7272).

^dThe sample was restricted to individuals reporting any anxiety symptoms (N = 15 175).

^eThe sample was restricted to individuals reporting loneliness and any anxiety symptoms (N = 6959).

^fThe sample was restricted to individuals reporting any sleep problems (N = 13 966).

^gThe sample was restricted to individuals reporting loneliness and any sleep problems (N = 6013).