Table 5.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis: risk factors for worst psychological outcome
| Characteristic | Psychological scale, adjusted odds ratio for moderate-to-severe case (95% CI) and P-value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STAI Y1 | IES-R | MBI-EE | MBI-DP | MBI-PA | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Male | Reference | P = 0.02 | Not significant | Not significant | Reference | P <0.01 | Not significant | |||
| Female | 1.61 (1.1–2.4) | 0.46 (0.3–0.7) | ||||||||
| Children | ||||||||||
| No | Not significant | Reference | P = 0.03 | Not significant | Reference | P <0.01 | Not significant | |||
| Yes | 1.47 (1.1–2.1) | 0.62 (0.5–0.8) | ||||||||
| Family division | ||||||||||
| No | Reference | P <0.01 | Reference | P <0.01 | Reference | P <0.01 | Not significant | Not significant | ||
| Yes | 1.96 (1.3–2.9) | 2.14 (1.5–3.1) | 1.83 (1.3–2.7) | |||||||
| COVID-19 contact | ||||||||||
| Rare | Not significant | Not significant | Not significant | Reference | P <0.01 | Not significant | ||||
| Frequent | 2.05 (1.5–2.9) | |||||||||
| Job changes | ||||||||||
| No | Not significant | Reference | P <0.01 | Reference | P = 0.03 | Not significant | Not significant | |||
| Yes | 1.63 (1.2–2.3) | 1.41 (1.1–1.9) | ||||||||
| Workload | ||||||||||
| Not increased | Reference | P <0.01 | Reference | P <0.01 | Reference | P <0.01 | Not significant | Not significant | ||
| Increased | 2.9 (2–4.2) | 2.35 (1.7–3.3) | 2.11 (1.5–2.9) | |||||||
| STAI Y2 | ||||||||||
| Absent | Reference | P <0.01 | Reference | P <0.01 | Reference | P <0.01 | Reference | P <0.01 | Reference | P <0.01 |
| Present | 8 (5.7–11.3) | 5.79 (4.1–8.2) | 3.32 (2.4–4.6) | 2.44 (1.8–3.3) | 0.51 (0.4–0.7) | |||||
Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed with the independent and dependent variables reported below. Odd ratios were assigned for every risk factor, after further correction for age. Independent variables were gender, presence of children, family division, contact with patients with COVID-19, job changes, workload and STAI Y2 score. Dependent variables (worst psychological outcome) were scores on the STAI Y1 (moderate or severe symptoms), IES-R (moderate or severe distress), MBI-EE (medium or high emotional exhaustion), MBI-DP (medium or high depersonalisation) and MBI-PA (low or medium personal accomplishment).
STAI Y1, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y1; IES-R, Impact of Event Scale – Revised; MBI-EE, Maslach Burnout Inventory – emotional exhaustion; MBI-DP, Maslach Burnout Inventory – depersonalisation; MBI-PA, Maslach Burnout Inventory – personal accomplishment; STAI Y2, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y2.