Table 4.
Linear regression models for depression (PHQ-9) and anxiety (GAD-7) at wave 4, predicted by use of strategies and their perceived helpfulness (n = 192)
| PHQ-9 (wave 4) | GAD-7 (wave 4) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | s.e. | t | P-value | Estimate | s.e. | t | P-value | |
| Intercept | 14.963 | 2.519 | 5.939 | (Reference) | 10.475 | 2.233 | 4.690 | (Reference) |
| Mindfulness | ||||||||
| Used/not helpful | −0.773 | 1.383 | −0.559 | 0.577 | −1.297 | 1.226 | −1.058 | 0.292 |
| Used/helpful | −3.564 | 1.450 | −2.458 | 0.015 | −3.420 | 1.286 | −2.660 | 0.009 |
| Did not use | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||||||
| Breathing exercises | ||||||||
| Used/not helpful | 0.657 | 1.367 | 0.481 | 0.631 | 0.422 | 1.212 | 0.349 | 0.728 |
| Used/helpful | 3.377 | 1.542 | 2.191 | 0.030 | 3.364 | 1.367 | 2.461 | 0.015 |
| Did not use | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||||||
| Progressive muscle relaxation | ||||||||
| Used/not helpful | 1.958 | 1.299 | 1.507 | 0.134 | 1.742 | 1.152 | 1.512 | 0.132 |
| Used/helpful | 0.533 | 1.387 | 0.384 | 0.701 | 1.045 | 1.230 | 0.850 | 0.397 |
| Did not use | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||||||
| Challenging dysfunctional thoughts | ||||||||
| Used/not helpful | −1.339 | 1.213 | −1.104 | 0.271 | −0.017 | 1.076 | −0.016 | 0.987 |
| Used/helpful | −0.536 | 1.344 | −0.399 | 0.690 | −0.825 | 1.191 | −0.693 | 0.489 |
| Did not use | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||||||
| Thought records | ||||||||
| Used/not helpful | 0.941 | 1.311 | 0.718 | 0.474 | 1.897 | 1.162 | 1.632 | 0.105 |
| Used/helpful | −0.917 | 1.563 | −0.587 | 0.558 | −0.219 | 1.386 | −0.158 | 0.875 |
| Did not use | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||||||
| Pleasant events scheduling | ||||||||
| Used/not helpful | 1.687 | 1.194 | 1.413 | 0.160 | 1.637 | 1.059 | 1.546 | 0.124 |
| Used/helpful | 1.088 | 1.276 | 0.853 | 0.395 | 0.938 | 1.132 | 0.829 | 0.408 |
| Did not use | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||||||
| Planning ‘worry’ time | ||||||||
| Used/not helpful | 1.404 | 1.633 | 0.860 | 0.391 | 0.171 | 1.448 | 0.118 | 0.906 |
| Used/helpful | −0.935 | 2.207 | −0.424 | 0.672 | 0.481 | 1.957 | 0.246 | 0.806 |
| Did not use | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||||||
| Flash cards | ||||||||
| Used/not helpful | −0.450 | 1.706 | −0.264 | 0.792 | −1.198 | 1.513 | −0.792 | 0.429 |
| Used/helpful | 5.478 | 2.540 | 2.157 | 0.032 | 2.564 | 2.251 | 1.139 | 0.256 |
| Did not use | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||||||
| Using a diary | ||||||||
| Used/not helpful | −0.749 | 1.423 | −0.526 | 0.599 | −0.819 | 1.262 | −0.649 | 0.517 |
| Used/helpful | −1.156 | 1.399 | −0.826 | 0.410 | −0.670 | 1.240 | −0.540 | 0.590 |
| Did not use | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||||||
| Exercise | ||||||||
| Used/not helpful | 0.758 | 1.690 | 0.448 | 0.655 | 0.939 | 1.499 | 0.627 | 0.532 |
| Used/helpful | −1.430 | 1.619 | −0.884 | 0.378 | −0.574 | 1.435 | −0.400 | 0.690 |
| Did not use | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | −0.898 | 0.886 | −1.013 | 0.312 | −0.478 | 0.786 | −0.609 | 0.544 |
| Male | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||||||
| Education | ||||||||
| Certificate/diploma | 0.331 | 1.064 | 0.312 | 0.756 | −0.522 | 0.943 | −0.553 | 0.581 |
| Bachelor's degree | −1.180 | 1.111 | −1.062 | 0.290 | −1.398 | 0.985 | −1.419 | 0.158 |
| Higher degree | 0.335 | 2.379 | 0.141 | 0.888 | −0.977 | 2.109 | −0.463 | 0.644 |
| No response | −5.597 | 4.014 | −1.394 | 0.165 | −6.308 | 3.558 | −1.773 | 0.078 |
| High school or less | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||||||
| Age, years | −0.159 | 0.030 | −5.254 | <0.001 | −0.106 | 0.027 | −3.959 | <0.001 |
Significant results are indicated in bold. PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale.