Table 3.
Association of structural and functional social relationships with depressive symptoms
| Model 1, unadjusted | Model 2, Adjusted for age and sex | Model 3, Model 2 + adjusted for education, employment status and income | Model 4, Model 3 + adjusted for face-to-face and/or phone/video contact | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient | (95% CI) | Coefficient | (95% CI) | Coefficient | (95% CI) | Coefficient | (95% CI) | ||
| Number of days during past week on which participant had face-to-face contact with another person for 15 min or more | Per 1 day more contact | −0.051 | (−0.056 to −0.047) | −0.059 | (−0.064 to −0.055) | −0.052 | (−0.057 to −0.048) | −0.051 | (−0.056 to −0.047) |
| None (0 days per week) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Some (1–6 days per week) | −0.003 | (−0.031 to 0.026) | −0.021 | (−0.049 to 0.008) | −0.012 | (−0.042 to 0.018) | −0.010 | (−0.040 to 0.020) | |
| Daily | −0.251 | (−0.282 to −0.220) | −0.302 | (−0.333 to −0.271) | −0.258 | (−0.290 to −0.225) | −0.247 | (−0.280 to −0.215) | |
| Number of days during past week on which participant had phone or video call contact with another person for 15 min or more | Per 1 day more contact | −0.030 | (−0.034 to −0.025) | −0.033 | (−0.038 to −0.029) | −0.026 | (−0.031 to −0.021) | −0.023 | (−0.028 to −0.018) |
| None (0 days per week) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Some (1–6 days per week) | −0.078 | (−0.106 to −0.049) | −0.094 | (−0.122 to −0.066) | −0.061 | (−0.090 to −0.031) | −0.043 | (−0.073 to −0.013) | |
| Daily | −0.162 | (−0.196 to −0.127) | −0.186 | (−0.220 to −0.151) | −0.145 | (−0.182 to −0.108) | −0.117 | (−0.154 to −0.080) | |
| Perceived social support | Per one point increase | −1.020 | (−1.034 to −1.005) | −1.057 | (−1.071 to −1.043) | −1.033 | (−1.048 to −1.018) | −1.035 | (−1.050 to −1.020) |
| Low | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Medium | −0.939 | (−0.967 to −0.912) | −0.983 | (−1.010 to −0.955) | −0.962 | (−0.991 to −0.933) | −0.956 | (−0.986 to −0.927) | |
| High | −1.819 | (−1.851 to −1.786) | −1.890 | (−1.922 to −1.857) | −1.848 | (−1.882 to −1.814) | −1.836 | (−1.871 to −1.801) | |
Notes: Coefficient represents mean number of points on PHQ-9 higher or lower according to social relationship characteristic. Bold results indicate p < 0.05.