Table 1.
Characteristics of Chinese, Italian and Dutch mothers/families during the COVID-19 pandemic
| Characteristic | IT (N = 641) | NL (N = 900) | CH (N = 922) | p value | Eta2 | Cramer V |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age mother | <0.001 | 0.154 | ||||
| 18−30 | 49 (7.6%) | 84 (9.3%) | 133 (14.4%) | |||
| 30−35 | 148 (23.1%) | 261 (29.0%) | 325 (35.2%) | |||
| 35−40 | 231 (36.0%) | 315 (35.0%) | 348 (37.7%) | |||
| 40−60 | 213 (33.2%) | 240 (26.7%) | 116 (12.6%) | |||
| Marital status | 0.005 | 0.066 | ||||
| Married | 612 (95.5%) | 828 (92.0%) | 876 (95.0%) | |||
| Divorce and others | 29 (4.5%) | 72 (8.0%) | 46 (5.0%) | |||
| Education | <0.001 | 0.211 | ||||
| College and below | 213 (33.2%) | 308 (34.2%) | 444 (48.2%) | |||
| University | 126 (19.7%) | 365 (40.6%) | 332 (36.0%) | |||
| Postgraduate | 302 (47.1%) | 227 (25.2%) | 146 (15.8%) | |||
| Employment | <0.001 | 0.257 | ||||
| Employed | 474 (73.9%) | 645 (71.7%) | 863 (93.6%) | |||
| Unemployed | 167 (26.1%) | 255 (28.3%) | 59 (6.4%) | |||
| Household income (Euros/RMB: 10 000) | <0.001 | 0.062 | ||||
| Mean (s.d.) | 4.29 (1.81) | 5.88 (2.40) | 4.59 (3.39) | |||
| Family conflict | <0.001 | 0.019 | ||||
| Mean (s.d.) | 2.01 (0.90) | 1.69 (1.08) | 1.95 (1.02) | |||
| Number of children | <0.001 | 0.243 | ||||
| 1 | 261 (40.7%) | 232 (25.8%) | 409 (44.4%) | |||
| 2 | 308 (48.0%) | 440 (48.9%) | 450 (48.8%) | |||
| 3 and more | 72 (11.2%) | 228 (25.3%) | 63 (6.8%) | |||
| Age youngest child | <0.001 | 0.090 | ||||
| Mean (s.d.) | 4.20 (2.72) | 4.75 (2.94) | 6.27 (2.67) | |||
| Childcare during COVID-19 by grandparents | <0.001 | 0.442 | ||||
| No | 534 (81.7%) | 815 (90.6%) | 428 (46.4%) | |||
| Yes | 117 (18.3%) | 85 (9.4%) | 494 (53.6%) | |||
| Father involvement | <0.001 | 0.036 | ||||
| Mean (s.d.) | 2.23 (0.55) | 2.30 (0.62) | 2.51 (0.67) | |||
| General psychopathology | <0.001 | 0.231 | ||||
| Mean (s.d.) | 2.03 (0.69) | 1.52 (0.56) | 1.26 (0.41) | |||
| Pandemic-related work stress mother | <0.001 | 0.019 | ||||
| Mean (s.d.) | 6.89 (2.63) | 4.58 (2.83) | 4.75 (3.09) | |||
| Pandemic-related life stress mother | <0.001 | 0.108 | ||||
| Mean (s.d.) | 2.41 (0.52) | 1.94 (0.58) | 2.20 (0.59) | |||
| Resilience | <0.001 | 0.037 | ||||
| Mean (s.d.) | 52.37 (7.14) | 55.71 (7.28) | 56.07 (8.95) | |||
| Physical health | ||||||
| Poor | 170 (26.5%) | 176 (19.5%) | 14 (1.5%) | <0.001 | 0.296 | |
| Fine | 304 (47.4%) | 445 (49.4%) | 297 (32.2%) | |||
| Good | 167 (26.1%) | 279 (31.0%) | 611 (66.3%) |