Table 3.

The standardized regression coefficients (β) and Wald test p values according to robust regression analyses, including for each country only the best winning model

Variables	Italy		Netherlands		China
	β	p value	β	p value	β	p value
Married					−0.089	0.003
Number of children					−0.114	<0.001
Age of youngest child
Mother's age	−0.078	0.014
Mother's education			0.060	0.022	0.175	<0.001
Family income					0.118	<0.001
Unemployment			0.075	0.004
Pandemic-related life stress mother	0.288	<0.001	0.297	<0.001	0.158	<0.001
Pandemic-related work stress mother	0.184	<0.001	0.188	<0.001	0.109	<0.001
Resilience	−0.153	<0.001	−0.315	<0.001	−0.267	<0.001
Mother's poor physical health	0.100	0.003			0.063	0.046
Family conflict	0.255	<0.001	0.222	<0.001	0.148	<0.001
Father's involvement	0.056	0.086
Grandparents childcare					−0.063	0.031
Grandparents childcarea Age of the youngest
R2	36.5%		41.9%		23.0%

Note: Adjusted model R² based on a linear ordinary least-squared regression model.

^aWald test p value <0.05.