TABLE 1.

Role of metabolites in oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Metabolites	Potential Changes in Senescent ECs	Effect on Oxidative Stress	References
NAD + /NADH	Lower NAD + /NADH ratios due to shift toward glycolysis	Decreased activation of PARP, which helps repair oxidative stress-induced DNA damage	Birch and Passos, 2017
Cysteine, aspartic acid, alanine	Increased levels due to higher TCA activity	More electron donors result in increased ROS production in the ETC	Groschner et al., 2012
Succinate	Increased Levels	Oxidized by Complex II, leads to production of inflammatory cytokines	Zheng et al., 2015; Martinez-Reyes and Chandel, 2020
Fumarate	Increased Levels	Binds to glutathione and mediates increase in oxidative stress	Zheng et al., 2015; Martinez-Reyes and Chandel, 2020