TABLE 3.

Comprehensive overview of COVID-19-associated complications and pathologies.

Complication/pathology associated with COVID-19	Roles of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in relation to the pathology	Potential areas of study	References
Thrombosis	mtROS upregulates TF through PAR-1 and PAR-2; deletion of antioxidant murine thioredoxin reductase 2 induces prothrombotic phenotypes; crosstalk between mtROS-mediated inflammation and coagulation pathways	Role of mtROS in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy; TF expression amongst severely ill COVID-19 patients	Banfi et al., 2009; Foley and Conway, 2016; Kirsch et al., 2016
Atherosclerosis (AS) and Associated Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)	Increased production of oxLDL; induction of SASP in ECs; chronic endothelial inflammation and EC apoptosis; plaque progression and instability	The role of COVID-induced cytokine storm and p90RSK in the development and progression of AS; the role of inflammation in the vasculature as it relates to COVID-19-associated myocarditis	Madamanchi and Runge, 2007; Hulsmans et al., 2012; Hansson et al., 2015; Taleb, 2016; Yu and Bennett, 2016; Wolf and Ley, 2019
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)	mtROS and cytokines compromise barrier integrity; elevated plasma mtDNA and mtDNA DAMP levels	The mechanisms by which EC mitochondria may be damaged in COVID-19 induced ARDS	Simmons et al., 2017; Faust et al., 2020; Huang L. et al., 2020