Table 3.
The baseline characteristics of patients in the training and validation sets.
| Variables | Training set (n = 6619) | Validation set (n = 2084) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | |||
| Median (range) | 57 (13–88) | 59 (21–89) | < 0.001 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 2875 (82.0) | 2411 (77.5) | 0.64 |
| Female | 633 (18.0) | 699 (22.5) | |
| Cause of hepatitis | |||
| HBV | 4970 (75.1) | 1554 (74.6) | 0.002 |
| HCV | 640 (9.7) | 182 (8.7) | |
| HBV/HCV | 59 (0.9) | 19 (0.9) | |
| Alcohol | 287 (4.3) | 134 (6.4) | |
| Unknown | 663 (10.0) | 195 (9.4) | |
| ECOG performance status | |||
| 0 | 6020 (91.0) | 2004 (97.9) | < 0.001 |
| 1 | 467 (7.1) | 41 (8.1) | |
| 2 | 62 (0.9) | 1 (0.0) | |
| 3 | 46 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 4 | 24 (0.4) | 1 (0.0) | |
| Child–Pugh Class | |||
| A | 5602 (84.6) | 1856 (89.1) | < 0.001 |
| B | 895 (13.5) | 199 (9.5) | |
| C | 122 (1.8) | 29 (1.4) | |
| ALBI grade | |||
| I | 3509 (53.0) | 1503 (72.1) | < 0.001 |
| II | 2787 (42.1) | 537 (25.8) | |
| III | 323 (4.9) | 44 (2.1) | |
| BCLC stage | |||
| 0 | 1020 (15.4) | 398 (19.1) | < 0.001 |
| A | 3016 (45.6) | 789 (39.7) | |
| B | 761 (11.5) | 175 (8.4) | |
| C | 1643 (24.8) | 694 (33.3) | |
| D | 179 (2.7) | 28 (1.3) | |
| Portal vein invasion | |||
| Vp0 | 5489 (82.9) | 1476 (70.9) | < 0.001 |
| Vp1 | 431 (6.5) | 336 (16.1) | |
| Vp2 | 182 (2.7) | 1 (0.0) | |
| Vp3 | 125 (1.9) | 137 (6.6) | |
| Vp4 | 392 (5.9) | 133 (6.4) | |
| T stage | |||
| 1 | 1218 (18.4) | 366 (18.2) | 0.19 |
| 2 | 2916 (44.1) | 856 (42.5) | |
| 3 | 1953 (29.5) | 602 (29.9) | |
| 4 | 532 (8.0) | 191 (9.5) | |
| N stage | |||
| 0 | 6195 (93.6) | 1952 (93.7) | 0.88 |
| 1 | 424 (6.4) | 131 (6.3) | |
| M stage | |||
| 0 | 6313 (95.4) | 2026 (97.3) | < 0.001 |
| 1 | 306 (4.6) | 57 (2.7) | |
| AFP (ng/mL) | |||
| Median (range) | 38 (1–600,000) | 20 (1–200,000) | < 0.001 |
| PIVKA-II (mAU/mL) | |||
| Median (range) | 53 (2–75,000) | 77 (6–75,000) | < 0.001 |
| Primary treatment | |||
| Liver transplantation | 130 (2.0) | 21 (1.0) | < 0.001 |
| Hepatectomy | 1873 (28.3) | 781 (37.5) | |
| Radiofrequency ablation | 1321 (20.0) | 350 (16.8) | |
| TACE | 2630 (39.7) | 693 (33.3) | |
| Systemic therapy | 255 (3.9) | 77 (3.7) | |
| Radiotherapy | 32 (0.5) | 37 (1.8) | |
| None | 378 (5.7) | 125 (6.0) | |
ECOG Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, HBV hepatitis B virus, HCV hepatitis C virus, BCLC Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer, ALBI albumin–bilirubin, AFP alpha-fetoprotein, PIVKA-II Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II, TACE trans-arterial chemo-embolization.