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. 2021 Jan 28;12:657. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-20939-5

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Cartoon depicting the digital scale developed to quantify active pressure sensing. Participants applied pressure with their fingertips to match a target on the computer screen. b Example force trace from a control participant. Participants attempted to match their force readout (black) to the target (red) at 20 g (cutaneous) and 150 g (putative deeper pressure). After 15 s the line disappeared (dotted red lines) and participants were instructed to maintain their applied force for 10 s (no feedback; gray bar). Afterwards, the line reappeared before moving to the next value. c Mean deviation from target value over 1 s at 20 g in controls (gray and black traces, N = 17), Aβ-deafferented patients, (blue, N = 2) and ΡΙΕΖΟ2 LOF (magenta, N = 6). Bars display standard error. d Mean deviation from target value over 1 s at 150 g. ΡΙΕΖΟ2 LOF patients (N = 6) did not significantly differ in maintaining 20 versus 150 g without visual feedback (one-sided permutation test p = 0.70); younger healthy controls (N = 11) were poorer at 150 g (trend; one-sided permutation test p = 0.06). Aβ-deafferented participants (N = 2) appeared worse at 150 g without visual feedback, though this difference was not significant (one-sided permutation test p = 0.24); older controls (N = 6) were poorer at 150 g (one-sided permutation test p = 0.046). Bars display standard error. e Alternate representation of target deviation at 20 g (average error in final 5 s of each interval; + = visual feedback and − = no feedback). Both Aβ-deafferented (N = 2; blue) and ΡΙΕΖΟ2 LOF (N = 6; magenta) participants had more difficulty without visual feedback than older (N = 6) and younger (N = 11) healthy controls (one-sided permutation tests p = 0.18 and *p = 0.007, respectively). Bars display standard error. f Alternate representation of target deviation at 150 g. Both Aβ-deafferented (N = 2) and ΡΙΕΖΟ2 LOF (N = 6) participants had more difficulty than older (N = 6) or younger (N = 11) controls (one-sided permutation test *p = 0.03 and p = 0.06, respectively), and Aβ-deafferented patients had greater difficulty than ΡΙΕΖΟ2 LOF participants (one-sided permutation test *p = 0.03). Bars display standard error.