Table 2.
Accuracy Indices of Negative Initial CXR Results to Exclude Adverse Clinical Outcomes for Patients with Suspected COVID-19
| Variable | NPV | NLR | Sensitivity | Specificity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All patients (N = 3,245) | ||||
| Hospital admission | 48 (44-53) | 0.27 (0.23-0.31) | 91 (89-92) | 36 (32-39) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 95 (93-97) | 0.24 (0.16-0.37) | 96 (94-97) | 17 (15-18) |
| ARDS | 99 (97-99) | 0.19 (0.09-0.40) | 97 (94-99) | 16 (14-17) |
| Deceased | 89 (86-92) | 0.38 (0.29-0.51) | 93 (91-95) | 17 (16-19) |
| Patients < 65 y (n = 1,576) | ||||
| Hospital admission | 66 (61-72) | 0.22 (0.17-0.27) | 91 (90-93) | 39 (35-44) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 97 (94-99) | 0.19 (0.10-0.36) | 96 (93-98) | 20 (18-22) |
| ARDS | 99 (96-100) | 0.19 (0.07-0.49) | 96 (91-99) | 19 (17-21) |
| Deceased | 97 (95-99) | 0.21 (0.10-0.44) | 96 (92-98) | 19 (17-22) |
| Patients with duration of symptoms ≥ 5 d (n = 1,723) | ||||
| Hospital admission | 56 (49-63) | 0.21 (0.16-0.27) | 94 (92-95) | 30 (26-35) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 96 (92-98) | 0.21 (0.10-0.42) | 97 (95-99) | 13 (11-15) |
| ARDS | 99 (96-100) | 0.11 (0.03-0.45) | 99 (95-100) | 12 (11-14) |
| Deceased | 95 (91-98) | 0.24 (0.13-0.44) | 97 (94-99) | 13 (11-15) |
| Patients < 65 y and symptom duration ≥ 5 d (n = 955) | ||||
| Hospital admission | 71 (62-78) | 0.17 (0.12-0.25) | 94 (92-96) | 32 (27-38) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 98 (95-100) | 0.09 (0.02-0.36) | 99 (95-100) | 16 (13-18) |
| ARDS | 99 (96-100) | 0.09 (0.01-0.64) | 99 (93-100) | 15 (12-17) |
| Deceased | 100 (97-100) | 0.00 (0.00-0.21) | 100 (96-100) | 15 (13-17) |
Data are presented as percentage (95% CI) or ratio (95% CI). COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; CXR = chest radiography; NLR = negative likelihood ratio; NPV = negative predictive value.