Median intraoperative ventilatory frequency and its association with postoperative respiratory complications. (a) The histogram depicts the distribution of median intraoperative ventilatory frequencies in the study cohort. (b) Increasing intraoperative ventilatory frequencies are associated with an increased risk of postoperative respiratory complications in the primary cohort and a subgroup of cases with available arterial blood gas (ABG) analyses. Data are shown as adjusted ORs; error bars indicate 95% CIs. Significance levels: ∗P<0.05, ∗∗P<0.01, ∗∗∗P<0.001. CI, confidence intervals; OR, odds ratio; IQR, inter-quartile range.