Table 1.
Variable definitions.
| Variables | Definitions |
|---|---|
| Smoking behavior | Binary variable: 1 = current smoker (sometimes–more than two packs a day) and 0 = non-smokers (do not smoke at all, quit, or hardly smoke) |
| Financial literacy | Continuous variable: number of correct answers from three financial literacy questions |
| Financial education | Binary variable: 1 = received compulsory financial education at school and 0 = otherwise |
| Male | Binary variable: 1 = male and 0 = female |
| Age | Respondent's age |
| Age squared | Age squared |
| University degree | Binary variable: 1 = obtained university degree and 0 = otherwise |
| Marriage | Binary variable: 1 = married and 0 = otherwise |
| Divorce | Binary variable: 1 = divorced or separated and 0 = otherwise |
| Household members | Continuous variable: number of people currently living in household |
| Children | Binary variable: 1 = have child/children and 0 = otherwise |
| Unemployed | Binary variable: 1 = respondent is unemployed and 0 = otherwise |
| Household income | Continuous variable: annual earned income before taxes and with bonuses of the entire household in 2009 (unit: JPY) |
| Log of household income | Log (household income) |
| Household assets | Continuous variable: balance of financial assets (savings, stock, insurance, etc.) of the entire household (unit: JPY) |
| Log of household assets | Log (household assets) |
| Regular exercise | Binary variable: 1 = regular exercise (exercise once a week or more) and 0 = otherwise |
| Current drinker | Binary variable: 1 = current drinker (drink sometimes–five cans of beer daily) and 0 = otherwise |
| Frequent gambler | Binary variable: 1 = frequent gambler (gamble once a week or more) and 0 = otherwise |
| Myopic view of the future | Binary variable: 1 = agree and completely agree with the statement “Since the future is uncertain, it is a waste to think about it” and 0 = otherwise |
| Level of risk preference | Continuous variable: percentage score from the question “Usually, when you go outdoors, how high does the probability of rain have to be before you take an umbrella?” |
| Current level of happiness | Continuous variable: percentage score from the question “Overall, how happy would you say you are currently?” |
| Anxiety about health | Binary variable: 1 = agree and completely agree with the statement “I have anxieties about my health” and 0 = otherwise |