Table 1. Patient Demographic and Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes by HCW Status for Overall and Propensity Score–Matched Cohortsa.
| Characteristic | Overall cohort (n = 1790) | 3:1 Propensity-matched cohort (n = 488) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | SMD | No. (%) | SMD | |||
| HCWs (n = 127) | Non-HCWs (n = 1663) | HCWs (n = 122) | Non-HCWs (n = 366) | |||
| Female sex | 76 (59.8) | 696 (41.9) | 0.37 | 71 (58.2) | 214 (58.5) | 0.01 |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 53 (14) | 63 (17) | 0.62 | 52 (13) | 57 (17) | 0.29b |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 44 (34.7) | 629 (37.9) | 0.07 | 41 (33.6) | 114 (31.2) | 0.05 |
| Black/African American | 51 (40.2) | 702 (42.2) | 0.04 | 49 (40.2) | 150 (41.0) | 0.02 |
| Other/unknown | 32 (25.2) | 332 (19.9) | 0.13 | 32 (26.2) | 102 (27.9) | 0.04 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Hispanic/Latin(x) | 8 (6.30) | 234 (14.1) | 0.26 | 8 (6.6) | 31 (8.5) | 0.07 |
| Not Hispanic/Latin(x) | 100 (78.7) | 1299 (78.1) | 0.02 | 95 (77.9) | 285 (77.9) | 0.02 |
| Unknown | 19 (15.0) | 130 (7.8) | 0.23 | 19 (15.6) | 50 (13.7) | 0.05 |
| History of cigarette smoking | ||||||
| Current | 7 (5.5) | 101 (6.1) | 0.02 | 7 (5.7) | 18 (4.9) | 0.04 |
| Ex-smoker | 23 (18.1) | 491 (29.5) | 0.27 | 23 (18.9) | 52 (14.2) | 0.13b |
| Nonsmoker | 91 (71.7) | 969 (58.3) | 0.28 | 86 (70.5) | 282 (77.1) | 0.15b |
| Unknown | 6 (4.7) | 102 (6.1) | 0.06 | 6 (4.9) | 14 (3.8) | 0.05 |
| Alcohol use | ||||||
| Current | 7 (5.5) | 140 (8.4) | 0.11 | 7 (5.7) | 19 (5.2) | 0.02 |
| Prior | 1 (0.8) | 93 (5.6) | 0.28 | 1 (0.8) | 2 (0.6) | 0.03 |
| None | 105 (82.7) | 1250 (75.2) | 0.18 | 100 (82.0) | 313 (85.5) | 0.10b |
| Unknown | 14 (11.0) | 180 (10.8) | 0.01 | 14 (11.5) | 32 (8.7) | 0.09 |
| Obesity | 67 (52.8) | 788 (47.4) | 0.11 | 63 (51.6) | 204 (55.7) | 0.08 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 31.9 (8.6) | 31.3 (8.6) | 0.08 | 31.8 (8.7) | 32.8 (9.0) | 0.13b |
| CCI, mean (SD) | 0.9 (1.4) | 1.6 (1.8) | 0.50 | 0.9 (1.4) | 1.1 (1.6) | 0.14b |
| Diabetes | 28 (22.1) | 605 (36.4) | 0.32 | 28 (23.0) | 86 (23.5) | 0.01 |
| Hypertension | 60 (47.2) | 1055 (63.4) | 0.33 | 59 (48.4) | 177 (48.4) | 0.00 |
| Cardiac disease | 16 (12.6) | 381 (22.9) | 0.27 | 16 (13.1) | 53 (14.5) | 0.04 |
| Pulmonary disease | 36 (28.4) | 343 (20.6) | 0.18 | 33 (27.1) | 101 (26.0) | 0.02 |
| Active/current malignant neoplasm | 6 (4.72) | 110 (6.6) | 0.08 | 6 (4.9) | 17 (4.6) | 0.01 |
| Immunocompromised status | 16 (12.6) | 218 (13.1) | 0.02 | 16 (13.1) | 45 (12.3) | 0.02 |
| Luminal gastrointestinal tract disease | 5 (3.9) | 73 (4.4) | 0.02 | 5 (4.1) | 13 (3.6) | 0.03 |
| Pancreaticobiliary disease | 4 (3.2) | 43 (2.6) | 0.03 | 3 (2.5) | 8 (2.2) | 0.02 |
| Chronic liver disease | 5 (3.9) | 47 (2.8) | 0.06 | 4 (3.3) | 10 (2.7) | 0.03 |
| Presenting symptoms | ||||||
| Fever | 103 (81.1) | 1271 (76.4) | 0.11 | 98 (80.3) | 301 (82.2) | 0.05 |
| Cough | 106 (83.5) | 1220 (73.4) | 0.25 | 101 (82.7) | 315 (86.1) | 0.09 |
| Dyspnea | 99 (78.0) | 1150 (69.2) | 0.20 | 95 (77.9) | 289 (79.0) | 0.03 |
| Fatigue/subjective weakness | 56 (44.1) | 705 (42.4) | 0.03 | 54 (44.3) | 163 (44.5) | 0.01 |
| Myalgia | 54 (42.5) | 453 (27.2) | 0.32 | 51 (41.8) | 150 (41.0) | 0.02 |
| Diarrhea | 58 (45.7) | 543 (32.7) | 0.27 | 55 (45.1) | 165 (45.1) | 0.00 |
| Nausea | 49 (38.6) | 422 (25.4) | 0.29 | 44 (36.1) | 137 (37.4) | 0.03 |
| Vomiting | 29 (22.8) | 255 (15.3) | 0.19 | 27 (22.1) | 79 (21.6) | 0.01 |
| Abdominal pain | 14 (11.0) | 186 (11.2) | 0.01 | 13 (10.7) | 45 (12.3) | 0.05 |
| COVID-19 treatment | ||||||
| Hydroxychloroquine/ chloroquine |
60 (47.2) | 865 (52.0) | 0.10 | 59 (48.4) | 169 (46.2) | 0.04 |
| Remdesivir | 8 (6.3) | 91 (5.5) | 0.04 | 8 (6.6) | 22 (6.0) | 0.02 |
| Convalescent plasma | 1 (0.8) | 35 (2.1) | 0.11 | 1 (0.8) | 2 (0.6) | 0.03 |
| Glucocorticoids | 14 (11.0) | 204 (12.3) | 0.04 | 14 (11.5) | 43 (11.8) | 0.01 |
| Tocilizumab | 4 (3.2) | 88 (5.3) | 0.11 | 4 (3.3) | 14 (3.8) | 0.03 |
| Outcome | ||||||
| Death | 7 (5.5) | 327 (19.7) | 0.41 | 7 (5.7) | 45 (12.3) | 0.23 |
| ICU admission | 33 (26.0) | 753 (45.3) | 0.31 | 32 (26.2) | 139 (38.0) | 0.25 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 24 (18.9) | 540 (32.5) | 0.34 | 23 (18.9) | 94 (25.7) | 0.16 |
| Vasopressor support | 18 (14.2) | 461 (27.7) | 0.44 | 18 (14.8) | 84 (23.0) | 0.21 |
| Hospital length of stay, median (IQR), d | 6 (3-12) | 9 (5-18) | 0.44 | 6 (3-12) | 8 (4.0-14) | 0.31 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; HCW, health care worker; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; SMD, standardized mean difference.
a
A full list of covariates used to calculate propensity scores is provided in the eTable in the Supplement.
b
An SMD of 0.10 or higher in a nonoutcome parameter after 3:1 propensity score matching.