Figure 2.

Effects of swainsonine on cell viability, apoptosis, and invasion. Esophageal carcinoma cells were treated with swainsonine at different concentrations (10, 20, 50, and 100 μg/ml); nontreated cells served as control. (A) Cell viability was measured using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. (B) Cell apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry. (C) Cell invasion was measured using Transwell invasion assay. (D) Western blot was used to measure the expressions of viability-associated proteins [proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin A, cyclin E1, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), cyclin D1, and CDK4]. (E) Western blot was used to measure the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins [B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 X-associated protein (Bax), cleaved caspase 3, and cleaved caspase 9]. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as a loading control. *p < 0.05 compared to control.