Table 2.
Multilevel binary logistic regression results for factors associated with modern contraceptive use among married women in Senegal
| Variables | Model 0 | Model I | Model II | Model III |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Decision making | ||||
| No decision making (ref) | ||||
| Decision making one | 1.24 (1.10–1.40)*** | 1.18 (1.04–1.33)** | ||
| Decision making two | 1.28 (1.09–1.50)** | 1.20 (1.02–1.41)* | ||
| Wife-beating | ||||
| Accept (ref) | ||||
| Refuse | 1.13 (1.01–1.26)* | 1.11 (0.99–1.24) | ||
| Media exposure | ||||
| No (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 1.54 (1.24–1.91)*** | 1.44 (1.16–1.79)** | ||
| Women’s educational level | ||||
| No formal education (ref) | ||||
| Primary school | 1.24 (1.09–1.42)** | 1.21 (1.06–1.38)** | ||
| Secondary school | 1.42 (1.19–1.70)*** | 1.37 (1.14–1.64)*** | ||
| Higher | 1.98 (1.34–2.92)** | 1.88 (1.28–2.76)** | ||
| Religion | ||||
| Muslim (ref) | ||||
| Christian | 1.08 (0.78–1.50) | 1.03 (0.75–1.43) | ||
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poorest (ref) | ||||
| Poorer | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 0.97 (0.82–1.14) | ||
| Middle | 1.41 (1.18–1.69)*** | 1.20 (0.99–1.46) | ||
| Richer | 1.72 (1.40–2.11)*** | 1.31 (1.03–1.67)* | ||
| Richest | 1.79 (1.40–2.27)*** | 1.22 (0.91–1.62) | ||
| Women’s age | ||||
| 15–19 years (ref) | ||||
| 20–24 years | 1.18 (0.88–1.57) | 1.15 (0.87–1.54) | ||
| 25–29 years | 1.10 (0.82–1.47) | 1.05 (0.78–1.40) | ||
| 30–34 years | 0.98 (0.72–1.33) | 0.94 (0.69–1.28) | ||
| 35–39 years | 0.94 (0.68–1.29) | 0.88 (0.64–1.22) | ||
| 40–44 years | 0.70 (0.50–0.98)* | 0.66 (0.47–0.92)* | ||
| 45–49 years | 0.47 (0.32–0.68)*** | 0.44 (0.30–0.63)*** | ||
| Number of living children | ||||
| No child (ref) | ||||
| 1–2 children | 12.60 (8.23–19.30)*** | 12.55 (8.20–19.21)*** | ||
| 3–4 children | 24.47 (15.72–38.08)*** | 24.51 (15.76–38.11)*** | ||
| 5 or more children | 35.49 (22.38–56.27)*** | 36.01 (22.73–57.05)*** | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Wolof (ref) | ||||
| Poular | 0.87 (0.75–1.01) | 0.90 (0.77–1.06) | ||
| Serer | 1.10 (0.91–1.32) | 1.08 (0.90–1.31) | ||
| Mandingue/soc | 1.01 (0.81–1.26) | 1.04 (0.82–1.31) | ||
| Diola | 0.76 (0.55–1.05) | 0.70 (0.50–0.99)* | ||
| Sonink | 0.93 (0.58–1.49) | 0.99 (0.62–1.57) | ||
| Other Senegalese | 0.96 (0.75–1.23) | 0.96 (0.74–1.23) | ||
| Other | 0.68 (0.48–0.98)* | 0.66 (0.46–0.95)* | ||
| Husband educational level | ||||
| No formal education (ref) | ||||
| Primary school | 1.37 (1.17–1.60)*** | 1.32 (1.13–1.54)*** | ||
| Secondary school | 1.18 (0.99–1.41) | 1.14 (0.95–1.36) | ||
| Higher | 1.45 (1.12–1.88)** | 1.43 (1.10–1.85)** | ||
| Ideal number of children | ||||
| 0 child (ref) | ||||
| 1 child | 0.79 (0.18–3.41) | 0.89 (0.21–3.80) | ||
| 2 children | 1.85 (1.07–3.17)* | 1.95 (1.13–3.35)* | ||
| 3 children | 1.07 (0.70–1.66) | 1.13 (0.73–1.75) | ||
| 4 children | 1.17 (0.80–1.70) | 1.25 (0.86–1.83) | ||
| 5 children | 1.22 (0.84–1.77) | 1.31 (0.90–1.90) | ||
| 6 children and above | 1.06 (0.74–1.52) | 1.14 (0.79–1.63) | ||
| Non-numeric response | 0 .80 (0.55–1.18) | 0.90 (0.62–1.33) | ||
| Desire for more children | ||||
| Wants within 2 years (ref) | ||||
| Wants after 2 years | 2.12 (1.85–2.44)*** | 2.09 (1.81–2.40)*** | ||
| Wants, unsure timing | 0.92 (0.70–1.22) | 0.93 (0.70–1.23) | ||
| Undecided | 1.47 (0.96–2.25) | 1.52 (0.99–2.32) | ||
| Wants no more | 2.50 (2.09–2.99)*** | 2.46 (2.06–2.94)*** | ||
| Distance to health facility | ||||
| Big problem (ref) | ||||
| Not a big problem | 1.17 (1.02–1.33)* | 1.10 (0.97–1.26) | ||
| Region | ||||
| Dakar (ref) | ||||
| Ziguinchor | 0.60 (0.42–0.86)** | 0.69 (0.46–1.04) | ||
| Diourbel | 0.50 (0.35–0.69)*** | 0.47 (0.33–0.67)*** | ||
| Saint Louis | 0.73 (0.53–1.00) | 0.81 (0.57–1.14) | ||
| Tambacounda | 0.56 (0.39–0.81)** | 0.77 (0.51–1.16) | ||
| Kaolack | 0.63 (0.46–0.87)** | 0.70 (0.50–1.00) | ||
| Thies | 0.99 (0.74–1.32) | 0.96 (0.70–1.32) | ||
| Louga | 0.67 (0.48–0.93)* | 0.75 (0.52–1.07) | ||
| Fatick | 0.82 (0.59–1.14) | 0.75 (0.53–1.08) | ||
| Kolda | 0.67 (0.48–0.93)* | 0.85 (0.59–1.23) | ||
| Matam | 0.30 (0.21–0.44)*** | 0.35 (0.23–0.53)*** | ||
| Kaffrine | 0.86 (0.61–1.20) | 1.04 (0.72–1.51) | ||
| Kedougou | 0.37 (0.25–0.57)*** | 0.51 (0.32–0.80)** | ||
| Sedhiou | 0.60 (0.43–0.86)** | 0.70 (0.48–1.03) | ||
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban (ref) | ||||
| Rural | 0.76 (0.63–0.91)** | 0.76 (0.63–0.93)** | ||
| Community literacy level | ||||
| Low (ref) | ||||
| Medium | 1.47 (1.22–1.78)*** | 1.30 (1.07–1.59)** | ||
| High | 1.65 (1.29–2.120)*** | 1.31 (1.01–1.71)* | ||
| Community socioeconomic level | ||||
| Low (ref) | ||||
| Medium | 1.15 (0.93–1.42) | 1.08 (0.86–1.36) | ||
| High | 1.10 (0.88–1.37) | 1.04 (0.81–1.33) | ||
| Community level modern contraceptive knowledge | ||||
| Low (ref) | ||||
| Medium | 1.37 (1.15–1.62)*** | 1.34 (1.12–1.61)*** | ||
| High | 1.46 (1.22–1.76)*** | 1.37 (1.13–1.67)*** | ||
| Random effect result | ||||
| PSU variance (95% CI) | 0.52 (0.42–0.65) | 0.30 (0.23–0.40) | 0.16 (0.11–0.22) | 0.16 (0.11–0.24) |
| ICC | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
| LR Test | X2 = 443.55, p < 0.001 | X2 = 152.76, p < 0.001 | X2 = 76.02, p < 0.001 | X2 = 59.26, p < 0.001 |
| Wald chi-square and p-value | X2 = 883.97, p < 0.001 | X2 = 343.82, p < 0.001 | X2 = 1028.03, p < 0.001 | |
| Model fitness | ||||
| Log-likelihood | − 5926.8 | − 5113.3 | − 5793.98 | −5048.23 |
| AIC | 11,857.64 | 10,316.66 | 11,631.96 | 10,226.48 |
| BIC | 11,872.32 | 10,645.76 | 11,793.46 | 10,701.84 |
| PSU | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 |
Notes: AOR Adjusted odds ratios, COR Crude odds ratio *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. Ref = reference