Table 4.
Household factors associated with female under-five mortality (N = 8497)
| Household characteristic | Bivariate hazard ratio (95%CI) | Multivariate hazard ratio (95%CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ethnicity | Dogon | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Fulani | 1.06 (0.81–1.41) | 1.01 (0.73–1.41) | |
| Other | 1.18 (0.83–1.68) | 1.12 (0.78–1.60) | |
| Wealth quintile | Wealthiest | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Wealthy | 0.98 (0.81–1.19) | 0.94 (0.77–1.15) | |
| Middle | 1.09 (0.90–1.33) | 1.12 (0.92–1.38) | |
| Poor | 1.00 (0.82–1.22) | 1.09 (0.87–1.37) | |
| Poorest | 1.04 (0.86–1.26) | 1.07 (0.88–1.31) | |
| Decision making contribution of women in household | Contribute | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Do not contribute | 0.91 (0.79–1.03) | 0.96 (0.83–1.10) | |
| Highest level of reading ability among women in household | Can read | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Can partly read | 0.94 (0.60–1.48) | 0.93 (0.59–1.46) | |
| Cannot read | 1.05 (0.76–1.44) | 0.78 (0.50–1.22) | |
| Schooling among women in household | Any schooling | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No schooling | 1.17 (0.95–1.43) | 1.34 (0.97–1.85) | |
| Polygamy | Monogamous | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Polygamous | 1.09 (0.96–1.23) | 1.06 (0.93–1.20) | |
| Domestic violence | Not tolerated | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Tolerated | 1.14 (0.98–1.32) | 1.13 (0.97–1.31) | |
| Water source | Improved/treated | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Improved/untreated | 1.21 (1.00–1.46) | 1.18 (0.97–1.43) | |
| Unimproved/treated | 1.31 (1.02–1.68) | 1.20 (0.93–1.55) | |
| Unimproved/untreated | 1.11 (0.91–1.34) | 1.05 (0.85–1.28) | |
| Sanitation | Improved | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Unimproved | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) | 1.05 (0.93–1.20) | |
| Roofing material | Finished | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Rudimentary | 1.06 (0.86–1.31) | 1.09 (0.88–1.35) | |
| Natural | 1.05 (0.74–1.48) | 1.03 (0.72–1.47) | |
| Wall material | Finished | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Rudimentary | 0.90 (0.72–1.13) | 0.94 (0.75–1.17) | |
| Natural | 0.97 (0.85–1.11) | 0.98 (0.86–1.13) | |
| Flooring material | Finished | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Rudimentary | 1.05 (0.52–2.14) | 1.07 (0.51–2.23) | |
| Natural | 1.15 (0.81–1.63) | 1.10 (0.77–1.56) | |
| Electricity | No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.10 (0.97–1.25) | 1.12 (0.97–1.30) | |
| Primary cooking fuel | Wood | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Straw | 1.17 (0.98–1.40) | 1.12 (0.93–1.35) | |
| Animal dung | 1.39 (0.84–2.32) | 1.33 (0.77–2.31) | |
| Other | 1.14 (0.42–3.12) | 1.22 (0.44–3.39) | |
| Food shortage in past 30 days | No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.18 (1.01–1.38) | 1.10 (0.94–1.30) | |
| Livestock | No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.96 (0.78–1.18) | 0.91 (0.73–1.13) | |
| Motorized transport | No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.06 (0.94–1.20) | 1.07 (0.94–1.23) | |
| Nearest healthcare center, kilometers | < 2 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2–4.99 | 1.06 (0.86–1.30) | 1.04 (0.84–1.29) | |
| 5–6.99 | 1.00 (0.81–1.24) | 0.98 (0.79–1.22) | |
| 7–9.99 | 1.40 (1.14–1.72) | 1.37 (1.11–1.70) | |
| ≥10 | 1.67 (1.34–2.08) | 1.59 (1.27–1.99) |
Significant multivariate hazard ratios are bolded. Significance was defined as the lower bound of the 95%CI being greater than 1 or the upper bound of the 95%CI being less than 1. Children with missing covariate data were included in all analyses but hazard ratios for missing categories are not reported. CI confidence interval