Table 4. Segment angle analysis for ROM and kinematics.
ROM data: nonparametric Bland–Altman median bias and limits of agreement (1.45 IQR). Kinematics data: mean and standard deviation of root mean square error (RMSE), maximum absolute error (MAE) and Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ). Segment angles are reported for all spinal segments (S1, L1, T6, T1 and SK) and an overall mean. Reliability Analysis (RA): intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with lower and upper bounds (LB and UB), standardised error measurement (SEM), and minimum detectable change (MDC). The movements from left to right were flexion, extension, lateral flexion, cervical rotation, and cervical flexion/extension.
| Flex | Ext | Lat Flex | Cer Rot | Cer F/E | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S1 | bias ± LOA | −0.9 ± 1.2° | −0.1 ± 0.7° | 0.0 ± 0.6° | – | – |
| RMSE | 1.0 ± 0.4° | 0.9 ± 0.7° | 0.3 ± 0.2° | – | – | |
| MAE | 2.3 ± 0.7° | 2.0 ± 1.0° | 1.1 ± 0.9° | – | – | |
| ρ | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | – | – | |
| L1 | bias ± LOA | 0.2 ± 1.7° | 0.0 ± 1.5° | −0.2 ± 1.3° | – | – |
| RMSE | 2.0 ± 0.4° | 1.6 ± 0.6° | 1.0 ± 0.3° | – | – | |
| MAE | 4.7 ± 0.7° | 2.8 ± 0.9° | 2.5 ± 0.9° | – | – | |
| ρ | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | – | – | |
| T6 | bias ± LOA | 0.1 ± 1.4° | 0.0 ± 1.0° | 1.1 ± 2.3° | – | – |
| RMSE | 2.5 ± 0.6° | 2.5 ± 0.8° | 1.7 ± 0.5° | – | – | |
| MAE | 5.4 ± 1.0° | 3.6 ± 1.0° | 4.3 ± 1.3° | – | – | |
| ρ | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | – | – | |
| T1 | bias ± LOA | 0.4 ± 1.2° | 0.3 ± 1.0° | 1.7 ± 2.0° | – | – |
| RMSE | 2.1 ± 0.4° | 1.3 ± 0.3° | 1.8 ± 0.4° | – | – | |
| MAE | 5.3 ± 1.2° | 3.0 ± 0.7° | 4.4 ± 0.8° | – | – | |
| ρ | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | – | – | |
| SK | bias ± LOA | – | – | – | −0.5 ± 2.3° | 0.5 ± 2.5° |
| RMSE | – | – | – | 1.2 ± 0.3° | 1.7 ± 0.3° | |
| MAE | – | – | – | 3.0 ± 0.5° | 5.0 ± 1.1° | |
| ρ | – | – | – | 0.92 ± 0.09 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | |
| Mean | bias ± LOA | 0.1 ± 1.8° | 0.0 ± 1.1° | 0.5 ± 2.4° | −0.5 ± 2.3° | 0.5 ± 2.5° |
| RMSE | 1.9 ± 0.7° | 1.6 ± 0.8° | 1.2 ± 0.7° | 1.2 ± 0.3° | 1.7 ± 0.3° | |
| MAE | 4.4 ± 1.6° | 2.8 ± 1.1° | 3.0 ± 1.7° | 3.0 ± 0.5° | 5.0 ± 1.1° | |
| ρ | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 0.92 ± 0.09 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | |
| RA | ICC | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.996 | 0.990 | 0.997 |
| ICC(LB UB) | (0.999 0.999) | (0.998 0.999) | (0.996 0.997) | (0.986 0.992) | (0.992 0.999) | |
| SEM | 0.6° | 0.5° | 1.1° | 1.0° | 0.75° | |
| MDC | 1.6° | 1.3° | 2.9° | 2.7° | 2.1° |